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Anatomy & Physiology Lab Practical 1 Study Guide

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Terms in this set (26)

  • What is the anatomical position?

    The body standing upright, facing forward, feet flat and slightly apart, arms at sides with palms facing forward. It is the standard reference for describing body structures.

  • Define anterior and posterior directional terms with examples.

    Anterior: toward the front (e.g., sternum is anterior to the spine). Posterior: toward the back (e.g., spine is posterior to the sternum).

  • Define superior and inferior directional terms with examples.

    Superior: toward the head or upper body (e.g., head is superior to the neck). Inferior: toward the feet or lower body (e.g., neck is inferior to the nose).

  • Define medial and lateral directional terms with examples.

    Medial: toward the midline (e.g., nose is medial to the ear). Lateral: away from the midline (e.g., ear is lateral to the nose).

  • Define proximal and distal directional terms and their point of attachment.

    Used only for limbs. Proximal: closer to point of attachment (shoulder for arms, hips for legs). Distal: farther from point of attachment (e.g., elbow is proximal to wrist).

  • Name the four primary tissue types and their basic functions.

    Epithelial: lines cavities and covers surfaces. Connective: supports and binds. Muscle: movement. Nervous: electrical communication.

  • How is epithelial tissue named?

    By the number of cell layers (simple or stratified) and the shape of cells (squamous, cuboidal, columnar).

  • Function and location of simple squamous epithelium?

    Function: rapid diffusion and filtration. Location: lining heart, blood vessels, alveoli of lungs.

  • Function and location of simple cuboidal epithelium?

    Function: secretion and absorption. Location: lining kidney tubules.

  • Identify structures in simple cuboidal epithelium slides.

    Lumen (central cavity) and basement membrane (supporting layer) are key structures.

  • Function and location of pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium?

    Location: respiratory tract (trachea). Features: cilia (move mucus) and goblet cells (secrete mucus).

  • Function and location of simple columnar epithelium?

    Function: absorption and secretion. Location: small intestine. Features: goblet cells and microvilli (increase surface area).

  • What is unique about transitional epithelium and where is it found?

    Allows stretch and recoil. Found in urinary bladder. Cells appear dome-shaped when empty and more squamous when full.

  • What organs make up the integumentary system?

    Skin, hair, nails, and accessory glands.

  • What are the layers of the skin?

    Epidermis (outer), dermis (middle), and hypodermis (subcutaneous, not true skin layer).

  • What type of tissue composes the epidermis?

    Keratinized stratified squamous epithelial tissue.

  • List the five layers of the epidermis from superficial to deep.

    Stratum corneum, stratum lucidum (only in thick skin), stratum granulosum, stratum spinosum, stratum basale.

  • Which epidermal layer undergoes mitosis?

    Stratum basale (deepest layer) produces new keratinocytes.

  • What connective tissue types compose the dermis layers?

    Papillary layer: areolar (loose) connective tissue. Reticular layer: dense irregular connective tissue.

  • What is the function of the hypodermis?

    Shock absorption, energy storage, insulation, and anchors skin to underlying muscle. Made of adipose and loose connective tissue.

  • What are dermal papillae and their function?

    Upward projections of papillary dermis that interlock with epidermis, forming friction ridges (fingerprints) and improving grip.

  • What is the arrector pili muscle and its function?

    Muscle attached to hair follicles that contracts to make hair stand (goosebumps) in response to cold or emotions.

  • Name the sensory receptors in the skin and their functions.

    Meissner's corpuscles (papillary layer) detect light touch/vibration; Pacinian corpuscles (reticular layer) detect deep pressure/vibration.

  • Difference between sebaceous and sweat glands?

    Sebaceous glands secrete sebum into hair follicles; sweat glands secrete sweat onto skin surface to cool the body.

  • How does total magnification on a compound microscope calculate?

    Total magnification = ocular lens magnification × objective lens magnification (e.g., 10x × 40x = 400x).

  • How does the field of view change with magnification on a microscope?

    Field of view decreases as magnification increases; higher magnification shows less of the specimen.