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Anatomy & Physiology Lecture Test 2 Review

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Terms in this set (30)

  • Types of muscle tissue

    Three types: skeletal (voluntary, striated), cardiac (involuntary, striated), and smooth (involuntary, non-striated).

  • Neuromuscular junction

    Synapse where a motor neuron communicates with a skeletal muscle fiber to trigger contraction via neurotransmitter release.

  • Movements at joints

    Include flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, rotation, and circumduction, depending on joint type and axis of movement.

  • Origin vs insertion of muscles

    Origin is the fixed attachment point; insertion is the movable attachment point of a muscle.

  • Parts of a long bone

    Include diaphysis (shaft), epiphyses (ends), metaphysis (growth plate area), periosteum, compact bone, spongy bone, and medullary cavity.

  • Bone cells types

    Osteoblasts build bone, osteocytes maintain bone, and osteoclasts break down bone.

  • Three overlapping functions of the nervous system

    Sensory input, integration, and motor output.

  • Organization of the nervous system

    Divided into central nervous system (CNS) and peripheral nervous system (PNS).

  • Functional classification of PNS

    Sensory (afferent) division carries signals to CNS; motor (efferent) division carries signals from CNS to effectors.

  • Motor division subdivisions

    Somatic (voluntary control of skeletal muscles) and autonomic (involuntary control of smooth, cardiac muscle, glands).

  • Functions of neuroglia

    Support, protect, and nourish neurons; maintain homeostasis and form myelin.

  • Myelin sheath formation

    Oligodendrocytes form myelin in CNS; Schwann cells form myelin in PNS.

  • Function of myelin sheath

    Insulates axons and increases the speed of nerve impulse conduction.

  • Nodes of Ranvier

    Gaps in the myelin sheath that facilitate rapid impulse conduction via saltatory conduction.

  • Neuron structure and function

    Dendrites receive signals, axon hillock initiates impulses, axon transmits impulses, axon terminals release neurotransmitters.

  • Functional properties of nerve cells

    Irritability: ability to respond to stimuli; conductivity: ability to transmit impulses.

  • Action potential basics

    Rapid change in membrane potential caused by ion movement, leading to nerve impulse transmission.

  • Synapse and neurotransmitters

    Neurotransmitters like acetylcholine, serotonin, dopamine transmit signals across synaptic cleft to next neuron or effector.

  • Reflex arc elements

    Order: receptor, sensory neuron, integration center, motor neuron, effector.

  • Somatic vs autonomic reflexes

    Somatic reflexes involve skeletal muscles; autonomic reflexes involve smooth or cardiac muscles and glands.

  • Major brain structures

    Cerebral hemispheres, diencephalon, brain stem, cerebellum, corpus callosum, and limbic system (hippocampus, amygdala).

  • Cerebral cortex lobes and functions

    Frontal (motor), parietal (sensory), temporal (auditory), occipital (visual), with association areas integrating information.

  • Diencephalon components

    Thalamus (sensory relay), hypothalamus (homeostasis), and epithalamus (pineal gland).

  • Brain stem functions

    Midbrain (visual/auditory relay), pons (respiratory control), medulla oblongata (cardiovascular, respiratory centers).

  • Meningeal layers

    From outer to inner: dura mater, arachnoid mater, pia mater; protect CNS.

  • Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) function

    Protects brain and spinal cord, circulates nutrients and removes waste; formed by choroid plexus.

  • Spinal cord gray matter regions

    Dorsal horns process sensory input; ventral horns control motor output.

  • Cranial nerves count and function

    12 pairs of cranial nerves with sensory, motor, or mixed functions as per lecture material.

  • Autonomic vs somatic nervous system

    Autonomic controls involuntary effectors; somatic controls voluntary skeletal muscles.

  • Parasympathetic vs sympathetic divisions

    Parasympathetic conserves energy; sympathetic prepares body for 'fight or flight'.