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Anatomy & Physiology Lecture Test 2 Review

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Terms in this set (29)

  • Types of muscle tissue

    Three types: skeletal (voluntary, striated), cardiac (involuntary, striated), and smooth (involuntary, non-striated).

  • Neuromuscular junction

    Synapse where a motor neuron communicates with a skeletal muscle fiber to trigger contraction via neurotransmitter release.

  • Movements at joints

    Include flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, rotation, and circumduction depending on joint type.

  • Origin vs insertion of muscles

    Origin is the fixed attachment point; insertion is the movable attachment point of a muscle.

  • Parts of a long bone

    Include diaphysis (shaft), epiphyses (ends), metaphysis (growth plate area), periosteum, compact bone, spongy bone, and medullary cavity.

  • Bone cells types

    Osteoblasts build bone, osteocytes maintain bone, and osteoclasts break down bone.

  • Three overlapping functions of the nervous system

    Sensory input, integration, and motor output.

  • Organization of the nervous system

    Divided into central nervous system (CNS) and peripheral nervous system (PNS).

  • Functional classification of PNS

    Sensory (afferent) division carries signals to CNS; motor (efferent) division carries signals away from CNS.

  • Motor division subdivisions

    Somatic (voluntary control of skeletal muscles) and autonomic (involuntary control of smooth, cardiac muscle, glands).

  • Functions of neuroglia

    Support, protect, and nourish neurons; maintain homeostasis and form myelin.

  • Myelin sheath formation in CNS vs PNS

    Oligodendrocytes form myelin in CNS; Schwann cells form myelin in PNS.

  • Function of myelin sheath

    Insulates axons to increase speed of nerve impulse conduction.

  • Nodes of Ranvier

    Gaps in myelin sheath that allow saltatory conduction, speeding up nerve impulses.

  • Neuron structure and function

    Dendrites receive signals, axon hillock initiates impulses, axon transmits impulses, axon terminals release neurotransmitters.

  • Terms: ganglia, nuclei, tracts, nerves, white matter, gray matter

    Ganglia: PNS neuron clusters; nuclei: CNS neuron clusters; tracts: CNS axon bundles; nerves: PNS axon bundles; white matter: myelinated axons; gray matter: neuron cell bodies.

  • Functional classification of neurons

    Sensory neurons carry impulses to CNS; motor neurons carry impulses from CNS; interneurons connect neurons within CNS.

  • Nerve cell properties: irritability and conductivity

    Irritability: ability to respond to stimuli; conductivity: ability to transmit impulses.

  • Action potential generation

    Rapid change in membrane potential caused by ion movement, propagating a nerve impulse along the axon.

  • Synapse and major neurotransmitters

    Neurotransmitters like acetylcholine, serotonin, norepinephrine, GABA, epinephrine, and dopamine transmit signals across synaptic clefts.

  • Reflex arc elements and order

    Receptor → sensory neuron → integration center → motor neuron → effector.

  • Somatic vs autonomic reflexes

    Somatic reflexes involve skeletal muscles; autonomic reflexes involve smooth or cardiac muscles and glands.

  • Adult brain major structures

    Cerebral hemispheres, diencephalon, brain stem, cerebellum, corpus callosum, limbic system (hippocampus, amygdala).

  • Lobes and functional areas of cerebral cortex

    Motor areas control movement; sensory areas receive input; association areas integrate information; located in frontal, parietal, temporal, and occipital lobes.

  • Hypothalamus role

    Maintains homeostasis by regulating temperature, hunger, thirst, and autonomic functions.

  • Brain stem functions

    Includes midbrain, pons, medulla oblongata; controls vital functions like respiration, cardiovascular activity, and reflexes.

  • Meningeal layers order and function

    From outer to inner: dura mater, arachnoid mater, pia mater; protect CNS and contain cerebrospinal fluid.

  • Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) function and flow

    Protects brain and spinal cord; formed by choroid plexus; flows through ventricles and subarachnoid space.

  • Spinal cord gray matter regions

    Dorsal horns process sensory input; ventral horns contain motor neurons.