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Anatomy & Physiology Muscle and Nervous System Study Guide (AI)

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  • What are the six major functions of skeletal muscle?

    Movement, posture maintenance, joint stabilization, heat generation, protection of internal organs, and control of body openings.

  • What distinctive features characterize skeletal muscle fibers?

    They are long, cylindrical, multinucleated, and have striations due to organized myofilaments.

  • How does the nervous system communicate with skeletal muscles?

    Via the neuromuscular junction, where motor neurons release neurotransmitters to stimulate muscle contraction.

  • How does cardiac muscle tissue differ structurally from skeletal muscle tissue?

    Cardiac muscle cells are branched, uninucleated, connected by intercalated discs, and have involuntary control.

  • How does smooth muscle tissue differ from skeletal and cardiac muscle tissue?

    Smooth muscle cells are spindle-shaped, uninucleated, lack striations, and are under involuntary control.

  • What are the three classes of levers in the body that increase muscle efficiency?

    First-class, second-class, and third-class levers, differing by the relative positions of effort, load, and fulcrum.

  • What is the difference between muscle origin and insertion?

    Origin is the fixed attachment point; insertion is the movable attachment point of a muscle.

  • Which muscles primarily move the leg?

    Muscles such as the quadriceps femoris, hamstrings, and gastrocnemius are key movers of the leg.

  • What are the main anatomical divisions of the nervous system?

    The central nervous system (CNS) and the peripheral nervous system (PNS).

  • What are neurons specialized for?

    Neurons are specialized for intercellular communication via electrical and chemical signals.

  • What structures make up the central nervous system (CNS)?

    The brain and spinal cord.

  • What structures make up the peripheral nervous system (PNS)?

    The cranial nerves and spinal nerves.

  • What are the three meninges surrounding the spinal cord?

    Dura mater, arachnoid mater, and pia mater.

  • What type of information does the spinal cord carry?

    The spinal cord carries both sensory information to the brain and motor commands to muscles.