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Anatomy & Physiology: Nervous System Fundamentals

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  • Which cavity contains a component of the central nervous system?

    Cranial cavity contains the brain, a component of the central nervous system.

  • What predominates in the white matter of the brain?

    Myelinated axons predominate in the white matter of the brain.

  • Which part of a neuron transmits an electrical signal to a target cell?

    The axon transmits electrical signals to target cells.

  • What term describes a bundle of axons in the peripheral nervous system?

    A nerve is a bundle of axons in the peripheral nervous system.

  • Which functional division of the nervous system controls physiological changes during exercise?

    The autonomic nervous system controls changes like increased heart rate and sweating during exercise.

  • Which glial cell provides myelin for axons in the central nervous system?

    Oligodendrocytes provide myelin for axons in CNS tracts.

  • Which part of a neuron contains the nucleus?

    The soma (cell body) contains the nucleus.

  • Which substance is least able to cross the blood-brain barrier?

    White blood cells are least able to cross the blood-brain barrier.

  • What type of glial cell acts as the resident macrophage in the CNS?

    Microglia are the resident macrophages behind the blood-brain barrier.

  • What are the main macromolecules composing myelin?

    Lipids and proteins are the main components of myelin.

  • What does a chemoreceptor detect?

    Molecules are detected by chemoreceptors.

  • Where does the greatest level of integration occur when testing shower temperature?

    The cerebral cortex integrates sensory information at the highest level.

  • How long does signaling through sensory, CNS, and motor pathways typically take?

    Signaling takes a fraction of a second.

  • What is the target of an upper motor neuron?

    The lower motor neuron is the target of an upper motor neuron.

  • Which ion enters a neuron to cause depolarization?

    Sodium (Na+) ions enter to depolarize the neuron.

  • At what membrane state do voltage-gated Na+ channels open?

    They open at the threshold membrane potential.

  • What is required to open a ligand-gated channel?

    Binding of a neurotransmitter is required to open ligand-gated channels.

  • What stimulus opens a mechanically gated channel?

    A physical stimulus opens mechanically gated channels.

  • Which voltage is typical during the relative refractory period?

    Approximately -45 mV is measured during the relative refractory period.

  • Which axon type propagates action potentials fastest?

    A thick, myelinated axon propagates action potentials fastest.

  • How much membrane potential change is needed to generate an action potential?

    A change of about +15 mV is necessary for action potential generation.

  • What type of graded potential occurs when a negative ion enters the postsynaptic cell?

    This causes a hyperpolarizing graded potential.

  • Which neurotransmitter is released at the neuromuscular junction?

    Acetylcholine is released at the neuromuscular junction.

  • Which receptor type requires an effector protein to initiate a signal?

    Metabotropic receptors require an effector protein to initiate signaling.

  • Which neurotransmitter is exclusively inhibitory?

    GABA is associated exclusively with inhibition.