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Anatomy & Physiology: Skeletal System Exam Review

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Terms in this set (19)

  • Axial skeleton vs Appendicular skeleton

    The axial skeleton includes the skull, vertebral column, and rib cage. The appendicular skeleton includes the limbs and girdles (pectoral and pelvic) that attach them to the axial skeleton.

  • Single vs Paired cranial bones

    Single cranial bones include the frontal, occipital, sphenoid, and ethmoid bones. Paired cranial bones include the parietal and temporal bones.

  • Single vs Paired facial bones

    Single facial bones include the mandible and vomer. Paired facial bones include the maxillae, zygomatic, nasal, lacrimal, palatine, and inferior nasal conchae bones.

  • Cervical, thoracic, lumbar, and sacral curves of vertebral column

    Cervical curve is the neck region curve, thoracic curve is the upper back curve, lumbar curve is the lower back curve, and sacral curve is the curve of the sacrum and coccyx.

  • Three malformations of the vertebral column

    Common malformations include scoliosis (lateral curvature), kyphosis (excessive thoracic curve), and lordosis (excessive lumbar curve).

  • Pectoral girdle vs Pelvic girdle

    The pectoral girdle consists of the clavicles and scapulae, attaching upper limbs to the axial skeleton. The pelvic girdle consists of the hip bones, attaching lower limbs to the axial skeleton.

  • Digits in phalanges of hand vs foot

    Both have 14 phalanges per limb: 3 per finger/toe except 2 in the thumb/big toe. The hand has 5 digits (thumb to little finger), the foot has 5 digits (big toe to little toe).

  • Bones of the axial skeleton

    Includes the skull (cranial and facial bones), vertebral column (cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacrum, coccyx), and rib cage (ribs and sternum).

  • Bones of the appendicular skeleton

    Includes the pectoral girdle (clavicles and scapulae), upper limbs (humerus, radius, ulna, carpals, metacarpals, phalanges), pelvic girdle (hip bones), and lower limbs (femur, tibia, fibula, tarsals, metatarsals, phalanges).

  • Sagittal, coronal, lambdoidal, and squamous sutures

    Sagittal suture runs between parietal bones, coronal suture between frontal and parietal bones, lambdoidal suture between occipital and parietal bones, squamous suture between temporal and parietal bones.

  • Four fontanelles in newborn skull

    Include the anterior (frontal), posterior (occipital), sphenoidal (anterolateral), and mastoid (posterolateral) fontanelles.

  • Location of frontal, maxillary, and sphenoidal sinuses

    Frontal sinuses are in the frontal bone above the eyes, maxillary sinuses in the maxillae below the eyes, and sphenoidal sinuses in the sphenoid bone behind the nasal cavity.

  • Five regions of vertebral column and vertebrae count

    Cervical (7 vertebrae), thoracic (12), lumbar (5), sacral (5 fused), and coccygeal (4 fused) regions.

  • Structural differences between male and female skeletons

    Female skeletons have a wider pelvic inlet, broader sciatic notch, and less pronounced muscle attachments. Male skeletons are generally larger with more robust features.

  • Pedicle and lamina in vertebrae

    Pedicles are short projections from the vertebral body connecting to the laminae. Laminae are flat plates that form the vertebral arch roof.

  • Centrum of vertebra

    The centrum is the thick, disc-shaped anterior portion of a vertebra that bears weight and forms the vertebral body.

  • Costal term meaning

    Costal refers to anything related to the ribs.

  • Longitudinal arch vs Transverse arch of foot

    Longitudinal arches run lengthwise along the foot; transverse arch runs across the foot widthwise, both providing support and shock absorption.

  • Transverse foramen location and function

    Transverse foramina are openings in cervical vertebrae that allow passage of the vertebral arteries.