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Anatomy & Physiology: Tissue Organization and Integumentary System

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Terms in this set (33)

  • What are the four major types of tissue?
    Epithelial, Connective, Muscle, and Nerve tissue.
  • What are the main functions of epithelial tissue?

    Protects against dehydration and damage, covers external surfaces, lines internal cavities, and creates glands that release secretions and excrete.

  • Define the apical surface of epithelial tissue.

    The exposed surface facing the external environment or internal body spaces like the stomach lumen. Think up baby

  • What is the basement membrane in epithelial tissue?
    A thin layer anchoring epithelial tissue to the underlying connective tissue.
  • How are epithelial tissues classified by layers?

    • Simple = ONE layer of cells

    • Stratified = TWO or MORE layers of cells

    • Pseudostratified = ONE layer, but it looks like multiple layers because the nuclei are at different heights. All cells touch the basement membrane.

  • Name the three shapes of epithelial cells.
    Squamous (flat), Cuboidal (cube-shaped), Columnar (tall/column-like).
  • What is the function of tight junctions in epithelial tissue?
    Hold cells tightly together to prevent substances from leaking between them.
  • Describe the function of desmosomes.
    Act like glue to hold cells together so they don’t pull apart when stretched.
  • What role do gap junctions play in epithelial tissue?
    Create channels that allow communication and passage of small substances between cells.
  • Where is simple squamous epithelium found and what is its function?
    Found in air sacs of lungs and blood vessels; suited for quick diffusion and filtration.
  • What is the function of goblet cells in simple columnar epithelium?
    Secrete mucus to moisten and protect the lining.
  • How does pseudostratified columnar epithelium differ structurally and functionally?

    Nuclei at different levels but all cells touch basement membrane; provides protection and lines nasal cavity. (Cillia)

  • What distinguishes keratinized from non-keratinized stratified squamous epithelium?
    Keratinized has dead, protein-filled surface cells (skin); non-keratinized has living moist cells (esophagus, vagina).
  • What is the function of transitional epithelium and where is it found?
    Allows stretching and protects; found in urinary bladder and ureters.
  • Compare endocrine and exocrine glands.
    Endocrine glands are ductless and secrete hormones into blood; exocrine glands have ducts and secrete onto surfaces or cavities.
  • Describe the three types of exocrine gland secretion.
    Merocrine: product released, cell intact; Apocrine: top cell part pinched off; Holocrine: whole cell disintegrates.
  • What are the three main components of connective tissue?
    Specialized cells, protein fibers (collagen, elastic, reticular), and ground substance.
  • What is the matrix in connective tissue?
    The material surrounding cells, consisting of fibers and ground substance.
  • What is the difference between a -blast and a -cyte cell in connective tissue?
    -blast cells build matrix and fibers; -cyte cells maintain the matrix.
  • What type of connective tissue forms tendons and ligaments?
    Dense regular connective tissue.
  • What are the four types of membranes and their locations?
    Cutaneous: skin; Mucous: lines cavities open to outside; Serous: lines closed cavities; Synovial: lines joint cavities.
  • What causes the four signs of inflammation?
    Histamine released by mast cells causes redness, pain, swelling, and heat.
  • Rank tissues by their regeneration capacity.
    Excellent: epithelial and many connective tissues; Moderate: smooth muscle, dense CT; Poor: skeletal muscle; Very poor: cardiac muscle, CNS nervous tissue.
  • What are the two main layers of the integumentary system?
    Epidermis (keratinized stratified squamous epithelium, avascular) and Dermis (connective tissue, vascular).
  • Name the five strata of thick skin epidermis in order.
    Stratum basale, stratum spinosum, stratum granulosum, stratum lucidum, stratum corneum.
  • Which stratum produces lipids for waterproofing?
    Stratum granulosum.
  • What cells produce melanin and where are they located?
    Melanocytes in the stratum basale produce melanin for skin color and UV protection.
  • What connective tissue types are found in the dermis layers?
    Papillary layer: areolar connective tissue; Reticular layer: dense irregular connective tissue.
  • What is the function of fibroblasts in the dermis?
    Produce collagen and elastic fibers to provide skin strength and flexibility.
  • What is the hypodermis and its functions?
    Also called subcutaneous layer; stores fat, insulates, cushions, and attaches skin to underlying structures.
  • What are the two types of sweat glands and their differences?
    Eccrine: watery sweat for cooling, found all over; Apocrine: thicker sweat in armpits/groin, associated with body odor.
  • Distinguish between first, second, and third-degree burns.
    First-degree: epidermis only, red and painful; Second-degree: epidermis + dermis, blisters; Third-degree: destroys epidermis and dermis, may lack pain.
  • What causes skin cancer and name its three main types.
    DNA damage from UV radiation causes uncontrolled cell growth. Types: basal cell carcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma, melanoma.