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Anatomy & Physiology: Tissues, Integumentary, and Skeletal System

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Terms in this set (29)

  • Hyaline Cartilage

    Most common cartilage type; provides support with some flexibility. Found on articular surfaces of bones, nose, trachea, and costal cartilages of ribs.

  • Elastic Cartilage

    Contains more elastic fibers for flexibility. Located in the external ear (auricle) and epiglottis.

  • Fibrocartilage

    Contains thick collagen fibers providing tensile strength and compression resistance. Found in intervertebral discs, pubic symphysis, and knee menisci.

  • Simple Squamous Epithelium

    Single layer of flat cells; found in alveoli of lungs and lining of blood vessels (endothelium).

  • Stratified Squamous Epithelium

    Multiple layers protecting against abrasion. Examples: keratinized skin and non-keratinized esophagus.

  • White Adipose Tissue

    Stores energy as fat, insulates, and cushions organs.

  • Brown Adipose Tissue

    Generates heat due to abundant mitochondria; especially important in infants.

  • Tendons vs Ligaments

    Tendons connect muscle to bone for movement; ligaments connect bone to bone to stabilize joints.

  • Collagen Fibers in Connective Tissue

    Provide the greatest tensile strength, resisting stretching and tearing forces.

  • Sebaceous Glands

    Secrete sebum (oil) into hair follicles to lubricate skin and hair.

  • Apocrine Glands

    Sweat glands in axillary and genital areas; secrete thicker fluid and become active at puberty.

  • Types of Muscle Tissue

    Skeletal: voluntary, striated; Cardiac: involuntary, striated; Smooth: involuntary, non-striated.

  • First-degree Burn

    Affects only the epidermis; causes redness and mild pain (e.g., sunburn).

  • Third-degree Burn

    Destroys epidermis and dermis, may extend to subcutaneous tissue; skin appears white, charred, or leathery; often painless due to nerve damage.

  • Melanin

    Pigment produced by melanocytes that protects skin from UV radiation and determines skin color.

  • Layers of the Epidermis (deep to superficial)

    Stratum basale, stratum spinosum, stratum granulosum, stratum lucidum (thick skin only), stratum corneum.

  • Cell Types in the Epidermis

    Keratinocytes produce keratin; melanocytes produce melanin; dendritic (Langerhans) cells provide immune defense; tactile (Merkel) cells are touch receptors.

  • Dermis Layers

    Papillary layer: superficial, areolar connective tissue with dermal papillae; reticular layer: deep, dense irregular connective tissue providing strength and elasticity.

  • Functions of the Skin

    Protection, thermoregulation, sensation, vitamin D synthesis, and excretion.

  • Rule of 9s for Burns

    Estimates body surface area burned: head/neck 9%, each upper limb 9%, each lower limb 18%, anterior trunk 18%, posterior trunk 18%, perineum 1%.

  • Bone Classifications

    Long bones (longer than wide), short bones (cube-shaped), flat bones (thin, flat), irregular bones (complex shapes), sesamoid bones (embedded in tendons).

  • Bone Cell Types

    Osteoblasts form bone, osteocytes maintain bone, osteoclasts resorb bone, chondroblasts form cartilage, chondrocytes maintain cartilage.

  • Parts of a Typical Long Bone

    Diaphysis (shaft), epiphysis (ends), metaphysis (growth plate region), medullary cavity (bone marrow), periosteum (outer covering), endosteum (lining medullary cavity).

  • Axial vs Appendicular Skeleton

    Axial: skull, vertebral column, rib cage, sternum; Appendicular: limbs and girdles (pectoral and pelvic).

  • Haversian System (Osteon) Components

    Central canal (blood vessels, nerves), lamellae (concentric bone rings), lacunae (osteocyte spaces), canaliculi (nutrient/waste canals).

  • Parathyroid Hormone (PTH) Effect

    Increases blood calcium by stimulating osteoclast activity.

  • Calcitonin Effect

    Lowers blood calcium by inhibiting osteoclasts.

  • Bone Formation Types

    Endochondral ossification replaces hyaline cartilage (most bones); intramembranous ossification forms bone directly from mesenchyme (flat bones).

  • Osteoporosis Prevention

    Adequate calcium and vitamin D, regular weight-bearing exercise, avoid smoking and excessive alcohol.