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Anatomy & Physiology: Tissues, Skin, and Bone Fundamentals

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Terms in this set (29)

  • What are tissues?

    Tissues are groups of similar cells performing common functions, embedded in an extracellular matrix.

  • Name the four primary tissue types.

    Epithelial, Connective, Muscle, and Nervous tissues.

  • What are the two main classifications of epithelial tissue based on layers?

    Simple (one layer) and Stratified (multiple layers).

  • What are the three common shapes of epithelial cells?

    Squamous (flat), Cuboidal (cube-shaped), and Columnar (tall column-shaped).

  • What is the function of simple squamous epithelium?

    Allows rapid exchange of materials; found in alveoli and blood vessel linings.

  • Describe the characteristics of connective tissue.

    Composed of fibers, ground substance, and cells; varies in vascularity and regenerative ability.

  • What are the three types of protein fibers in connective tissue?

    Collagen fibers, Elastic fibers, and Reticular fibers.

  • Name the four classes of connective tissue.

    Connective tissue proper, cartilage, bone, and blood.

  • What is the main function of hyaline cartilage?

    Provides support with some flexibility; found in respiratory tubes and at joint surfaces.

  • What are the key features of bone tissue?

    Hard, calcified matrix with collagen fibers; highly vascularized; supports, protects, stores minerals, and produces blood cells.

  • What are osteoblasts and osteoclasts?

    Osteoblasts build bone matrix; osteoclasts resorb (break down) bone.

  • What is the osteon (Haversian system)?

    The structural unit of compact bone, consisting of concentric lamellae around a central canal.

  • What are the main layers of the epidermis from deep to superficial?

    Stratum basale, stratum spinosum, stratum granulosum, stratum lucidum (only in thick skin), and stratum corneum.

  • What cells produce melanin in the skin?

    Melanocytes produce melanin stored in melanosomes.

  • What are the functions of the skin?

    Protection (chemical, physical, biological), thermoregulation, sensation, metabolic functions, blood reservoir, and waste excretion.

  • What are the three types of exocrine gland secretion?

    Merocrine (exocytosis), Apocrine (apical portion ruptures), and Holocrine (whole cell disintegrates).

  • What is the rule of nines in burns?

    A method to estimate body surface area affected by burns, dividing the body into sections of 9% or multiples thereof.

  • What is the difference between compact and spongy bone?

    Compact bone is dense and solid; spongy bone has a porous, trabecular structure.

  • What is the role of the periosteum in bone?

    A fibrous membrane covering bone surfaces, containing osteogenic cells for growth and repair.

  • What hormones regulate bone growth?

    Growth hormone, insulin-like growth factor (IGF), thyroid hormone, parathyroid hormone, calcitonin, testosterone, and estrogen.

  • What is the function of intercalated discs in cardiac muscle?

    They connect cardiac muscle cells, allowing synchronized contraction via gap junctions.

  • What are the main types of muscle tissue and their characteristics?

    Skeletal: striated, multinucleate, voluntary; Cardiac: striated, uninucleate, involuntary; Smooth: non-striated, uninucleate, involuntary.

  • What is the function of nervous tissue?

    Neurons transmit electrical signals; neuroglia support and protect neurons.

  • What are tight junctions and desmosomes in epithelial tissue?

    Tight junctions seal cells together to prevent leakage; desmosomes provide strong mechanical attachments between cells.

  • What is the basement membrane in epithelial tissue?

    A layer between epithelium and connective tissue, composed of basal lamina and reticular lamina, providing support and anchoring.

  • What is the difference between keratinized and nonkeratinized stratified squamous epithelium?

    Keratinized forms a tough, dry surface (skin epidermis); nonkeratinized remains moist (esophagus, vagina).

  • What is the function of goblet cells in epithelial tissue?

    Unicellular exocrine glands that secrete mucus to lubricate and protect surfaces.

  • What is the role of fibroblasts in connective tissue?

    They synthesize fibers and ground substance of the extracellular matrix.

  • What is the significance of the stratum basale in the epidermis?

    It contains basal cells that continuously divide to regenerate the epidermis.