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Appendicular Skeleton and Joints - Anatomy & Physiology

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Terms in this set (27)

  • What bones make up the pectoral girdle?
    The clavicle and scapula make up the pectoral girdle, attaching the upper limbs to the axial skeleton via the sternoclavicular joint.
  • What is the glenohumeral joint?
    The glenohumeral joint is the shoulder joint formed by the articulation of the head of the humerus with the glenoid cavity of the scapula.
  • Name the bones of the upper limb.
    The upper limb includes the humerus, radius, ulna, and the bones of the hand and wrist (carpals, metacarpals, phalanges).
  • What bones form the pelvic girdle?
    The pelvic girdle is formed by the os coxae (hip bones) which attach to the sacrum and connect the lower limbs to the axial skeleton.
  • What bones compose the lower limb?
    The lower limb consists of the femur, patella, tibia, fibula, and the bones of the foot and ankle (tarsals, metatarsals, phalanges).
  • What is the function of the patella?
    The patella is the largest sesamoid bone in the body and protects the knee joint while improving leverage for thigh muscles.
  • How are the radius and ulna connected?
    The radius and ulna are connected by an interosseous membrane, a fibrous connective tissue that stabilizes the forearm.
  • What bones make up the wrist and hand?
    The wrist and hand skeleton includes carpals (wrist bones), metacarpals (palm bones), and phalanges (finger bones).
  • Which digits lack a middle phalange?
    The thumb in the hand and the big toe in the foot lack a middle phalange.
  • What are the three main joints of the upper limb?
    The upper limb has three main joints: the glenohumeral (shoulder), elbow, and wrist joints.
  • What are the three main joints of the lower limb?
    The lower limb has three main joints: the hip, knee, and ankle joints.
  • What type of joint is the glenohumeral joint?
    The glenohumeral joint is a ball and socket synovial joint, allowing multiaxial movement.
  • What type of joint is the elbow joint?
    The elbow joint is primarily a hinge synovial joint allowing flexion and extension.
  • What type of joint is the radioulnar joint?
    The proximal radioulnar joint is a pivot synovial joint allowing rotational movement of the forearm.
  • What bones articulate at the hip joint?
    The acetabulum of the os coxa articulates with the head of the femur to form the hip joint.
  • What bones articulate at the knee joint?
    The femur articulates with the tibia distally to form the knee joint.
  • What bones articulate at the ankle joint?
    The tibia and fibula articulate with the talus (a tarsal bone) to form the ankle joint.
  • What are the three types of joints based on structure?
    Joints are classified as fibrous, cartilaginous, or synovial based on their connective tissue and movement.
  • What are the characteristics of fibrous joints?
    Fibrous joints are connected by fibrous connective tissue, have high strength, and allow little to no movement.
  • What are the characteristics of cartilaginous joints?
    Cartilaginous joints are connected by cartilage, allowing some movement and less strength than fibrous joints.
  • What are the characteristics of synovial joints?
    Synovial joints have a fluid-filled cavity, are freely movable, and include most limb joints.
  • Name the types of synovial joints by movement axes.
    Synovial joints can be nonaxial (plane), monoaxial (hinge, pivot), biaxial (condyloid, saddle), or multiaxial (ball and socket).
  • What is the function of the interosseous membrane?
    The interosseous membrane connects parallel bones (radius & ulna, tibia & fibula) providing stability and muscle attachment.
  • What bones form the carpal bones of the wrist?
    The carpal bones include the scaphoid, lunate, triquetrum, pisiform, trapezium, trapezoid, capitate, and hamate.
  • What bones form the tarsal bones of the ankle?
    The tarsal bones include the navicular, cuneiforms, talus, and others forming the ankle.
  • What is the role of menisci in the knee joint?
    Menisci are wedge-shaped fibrocartilages that provide shock absorption and joint stability in the knee.
  • What ligaments stabilize the knee joint?
    The knee is stabilized by intra-capsular cruciate ligaments (ACL, PCL) and extra-capsular collateral ligaments (MCL, LCL).