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Appendicular Skeleton: Pectoral and Pelvic Girdles & Limbs

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  • Axial skeleton
    The part of the skeleton consisting of the skull, vertebral column, and rib cage.
  • Appendicular skeleton
    The part of the skeleton that includes the pectoral girdle, pelvic girdle, and the bones of the upper and lower limbs.
  • Bones of the pectoral girdle
    The clavicle and scapula form the pectoral girdle.
  • Function of the pectoral girdle
    Supports the upper limbs and provides attachment points for muscles that move the arms.
  • Articulation of pectoral girdle bones
    The clavicle articulates medially with the sternum and laterally with the scapula; the scapula does not directly articulate with the axial skeleton.
  • Major bone markings of the clavicle
    Includes the sternal end, acromial end, and the conoid tubercle.
  • Major bone markings of the scapula
    Includes the spine, acromion, coracoid process, and glenoid cavity.
  • Bones of the upper limb
    Includes the humerus (arm), radius and ulna (forearm), carpals (wrist), metacarpals, and phalanges (hand).
  • Pelvic girdle bones
    Formed by two hip bones (coxal bones), each consisting of the ilium, ischium, and pubis.
  • Articulations of the pelvic girdle
    The two hip bones articulate anteriorly at the pubic symphysis and posteriorly with the sacrum at the sacroiliac joints.
  • Functions of the pelvic girdle
    Supports the weight of the upper body, protects pelvic organs, and provides attachment for lower limbs.
  • Major bone markings of the ilium
    Includes the iliac crest, anterior superior iliac spine, and greater sciatic notch.
  • Major bone markings of the ischium
    Includes the ischial tuberosity and ischial spine.
  • Major bone markings of the pubis
    Includes the pubic symphysis and pubic arch.
  • Differences between male and female pelves
    Female pelvis is wider, shallower, and has a larger pelvic inlet and outlet for childbirth.
  • Bones of the thigh
    The femur is the single bone of the thigh.
  • Bones of the leg
    Includes the tibia (medial) and fibula (lateral).
  • Bones of the foot
    Includes tarsals (ankle), metatarsals, and phalanges (toes).
  • Articulations of the upper limb
    Includes the shoulder joint (glenohumeral), elbow joint, wrist joints, and finger joints.
  • Articulations of the lower limb
    Includes the hip joint, knee joint, ankle joint, and toe joints.