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Axial Skeleton Anatomy & Physiology

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Terms in this set (21)

  • What are the two main divisions of the human skeleton?
    The skeleton is divided into the axial skeleton and the appendicular skeleton.
  • Which bones make up the axial skeleton?
    The axial skeleton includes the skull, auditory ossicles, hyoid bone, vertebral column, and thoracic cage.
  • Name the major bones of the skull.
    Major skull bones include the frontal, parietal, temporal, occipital, sphenoid, and ethmoid bones.
  • What are the cranial bones?
    The cranial bones are the occipital, parietal, frontal, temporal, sphenoid, and ethmoid bones.
  • What bones form the facial skeleton?
    The facial bones include the maxillae, zygomatic, nasal, lacrimal, palatine, inferior nasal conchae, vomer, and mandible.
  • What is the function of the auditory ossicles?
    The auditory ossicles (malleus, incus, stapes) transmit sound vibrations from the eardrum to the inner ear.
  • Where is the hyoid bone located and what is its function?
    The hyoid bone is located in the neck and supports the tongue and serves as an attachment for muscles of swallowing.
  • What are the major parts of the vertebral column?
    The vertebral column consists of cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacrum, and coccyx regions.
  • How many vertebrae are in each region of the vertebral column?
    There are 7 cervical, 12 thoracic, 5 lumbar vertebrae, plus the sacrum and coccyx.
  • What are the three types of ribs in the thoracic cage?
    The ribs are classified as true ribs (vertebrosternal), false ribs (vertebrochondral), and floating ribs (vertebral).
  • What are the main parts of the sternum?
    The sternum consists of the manubrium, body, and xiphoid process.
  • What is the significance of the foramen magnum?
    The foramen magnum is the large opening in the occipital bone through which the spinal cord passes.
  • What sutures connect the cranial bones?
    Major cranial sutures include the sagittal, coronal, lambdoid, and squamous sutures.
  • What is the function of the nasal conchae?
    The nasal conchae increase the surface area of the nasal cavity to warm and humidify inhaled air.
  • What is the role of the sacrum in the vertebral column?
    The sacrum is a fused bone that connects the vertebral column to the pelvic girdle.
  • Describe the unique features of cervical vertebrae.
    Cervical vertebrae have a bifid spinous process and transverse foramina for vertebral arteries.
  • What distinguishes thoracic vertebrae from other vertebrae?
    Thoracic vertebrae have costal facets for rib articulation.
  • What are the key features of lumbar vertebrae?
    Lumbar vertebrae have large, thick bodies and short, blunt spinous processes for weight support.
  • What is the function of the sacral foramina?
    The sacral foramina allow passage of nerves and blood vessels through the sacrum.
  • What is the anatomical significance of the mandibular foramen?
    The mandibular foramen allows passage of the inferior alveolar nerve and vessels to the lower jaw.
  • What bones contribute to the orbit of the eye?
    The orbit is formed by the frontal, maxilla, zygomatic, lacrimal, ethmoid, sphenoid, and palatine bones.