BackCellular Level of Organization - Anatomy & Physiology
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Terms in this set (44)
All living organisms are composed of cells, cells are the basic unit of structure and function, and all cells come from pre-existing cells.
Plasma membrane, cytoplasm, and nucleus.
Includes extracellular fluid, cellular secretions, and extracellular matrix.
Intracellular fluid is inside cells; extracellular fluid is outside cells, including interstitial fluid which surrounds tissue cells.
A phospholipid bilayer with embedded proteins that controls movement of substances in and out of the cell.
Proteins embedded within the plasma membrane that function as channels, carriers, receptors, or enzymes.
Proteins attached to the membrane surface involved in signaling, support, and maintaining cell shape.
A carbohydrate-rich coating on the cell surface that provides protection and cell recognition.
Connect cells to each other and facilitate communication and adhesion.
Seal adjacent cells tightly to prevent passage of molecules between them.
Anchoring junctions that bind cells together and resist mechanical stress.
Channels that allow ions and small molecules to pass directly between cells for communication.
Passive transport requires no energy and moves substances down their concentration gradient; active transport requires energy to move substances against their gradient.
Movement of molecules from high to low concentration driven by kinetic energy.
Concentration gradient, temperature, and membrane permeability.
The plasma membrane allows some molecules to pass while blocking others based on size, charge, and solubility.
Simple diffusion passes directly through the membrane; facilitated diffusion uses carrier proteins or channels.
Diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane from low to high solute concentration.
Isotonic: no net water movement; Hypotonic: water enters cell causing swelling; Hypertonic: water leaves cell causing shrinkage.
Protein channels in the membrane that specifically facilitate water movement.
Primary uses ATP directly; secondary uses energy from ion gradients created by primary transport.
Movement of large particles or fluids via vesicles, including endocytosis and exocytosis.
Selective uptake of molecules using receptors to form vesicles.
Electrical charge difference across the membrane maintained by ion pumps and channels.
Proteins that help cells attach to each other and respond to signals.
Cytoplasm is the cell contents excluding the nucleus; cytosol is the fluid portion of the cytoplasm.
Non-living substances stored in the cytoplasm like pigments or nutrients.
Produce ATP through cellular respiration.
Synthesize proteins by translating mRNA.
Rough ER has ribosomes and synthesizes proteins; smooth ER synthesizes lipids and detoxifies.
Modifies, sorts, and packages proteins and lipids for transport.
Contain enzymes to digest cellular waste and pathogens.
Break down fatty acids and detoxify harmful substances.
Network of membranes including ER, Golgi, lysosomes, and vesicles involved in protein and lipid processing.
Provides structural support, shape, and facilitates cell movement.
Organize microtubules and form the mitotic spindle during cell division.
Cilia move substances across the cell surface; flagella propel the cell; microvilli increase surface area for absorption.
Nucleus stores DNA; nucleoli produce ribosomal RNA.
DNA and proteins in a relaxed form within the nucleus.
Cytokinesis divides cytoplasm; mitosis divides somatic cell nucleus; meiosis produces gametes with half chromosome number.
DNA code stored in nucleus; transcription copies code to mRNA; translation in ribosomes builds proteins from mRNA code.
Process by which cells become specialized; stem cells can differentiate into various cell types.
Atrophy: decrease in cell size; hypertrophy: increase in cell size; hyperplasia: increase in cell number.
Necrosis: uncontrolled cell death; apoptosis: programmed cell death; autophagy: self-digestion of cell components.