BackDigestive System and Metabolism - Anatomy & Physiology
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Terms in this set (39)
The digestive system is responsible for ingestion, digestion, absorption of nutrients, and elimination of waste.
Main organs include the mouth, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, rectum, and anus.
Accessory organs include the salivary glands, liver, gallbladder, and pancreas, which aid digestion.
Key hormones include gastrin, secretin, cholecystokinin (CCK), and gastric inhibitory peptide (GIP).
Include parietal cells (secrete HCl), chief cells (secrete pepsinogen), and mucous cells (secrete mucus).
Includes the enteric nervous system and autonomic control via parasympathetic and sympathetic inputs.
Refers to muscle contractions like peristalsis and segmentation that move and mix food.
Features villi and microvilli to increase surface area for nutrient absorption.
Commensal bacteria that aid in fermentation, vitamin synthesis, and immune function.
A spinal reflex triggered by rectal distension causing internal and external anal sphincter relaxation and defecation.
Liver cells responsible for metabolism, bile production, detoxification, and storage.
Produce saliva containing amylase to begin carbohydrate digestion and lubricate food.
Diffuse neuroendocrine system cells that secrete hormones regulating digestion and motility.
All chemical reactions in the body, including catabolism (breakdown) and anabolism (synthesis).
Catabolism breaks down molecules to release energy; anabolism uses energy to build molecules.
Include glucose, fatty acids, and amino acids.
Breakdown of proteins into amino acids for energy or synthesis.
Process of breaking down glucose to produce ATP via glycolysis, citric acid cycle, and electron transport chain.
Reactions that require energy input to proceed.
Addition of a phosphate group to a molecule, often to activate or store energy.
Direct transfer of a phosphate group to ADP to form ATP during glycolysis and the citric acid cycle.
Reactions involving the transfer of electrons between molecules, key in energy production.
Occurs in the cytoplasm, requires glucose and NAD+, produces pyruvate, ATP, and NADH.
Occurs in the mitochondrial matrix, requires acetyl-CoA, produces CO2, NADH, FADH2, and ATP.
Located in the inner mitochondrial membrane, uses NADH and FADH2 to pump H+ ions and drive ATP synthesis via ATP synthase.
A four-carbon molecule that combines with acetyl-CoA to form citrate in the citric acid cycle.
Produced from fatty acids in the liver and broken down in peripheral tissues for energy during fasting.
A nitrogenous waste product formed in the liver from ammonia during protein catabolism.
The process of converting glucose to glycogen for storage in liver and muscle cells.
Formation of glucose from non-carbohydrate sources like amino acids and glycerol.
Stored energy is in glycogen and fat; immediate energy comes from glucose and ATP available in cells.
Include insulin (lowers glucose) and glucagon (raises glucose).
Brain region that regulates hunger, thirst, body temperature, and metabolic rate.
The rate at which the body uses energy, influenced by factors like thyroid hormones and activity.
Essential vitamins and minerals required in small amounts for enzyme function and metabolism.
Proteins containing all essential amino acids required by the body.
Organic compounds needed in small amounts for metabolic reactions and maintaining health.
HDL transports cholesterol from tissues to liver; LDL delivers cholesterol to tissues, linked to atherosclerosis.
Essential nutrients must be obtained from the diet because the body cannot synthesize them.