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Digestive System and Metabolism - Anatomy & Physiology

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Terms in this set (30)

  • Functions of the digestive system

    Ingestion, digestion, absorption, and elimination of food and nutrients.

  • Organs of the digestive system

    Includes the mouth, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, rectum, and anus.

  • Accessory organs of the digestive system

    Salivary glands, liver, gallbladder, and pancreas assist digestion but are not part of the alimentary canal.

  • Hormones of the digestive system

    Include gastrin, secretin, cholecystokinin (CCK), and gastric inhibitory peptide (GIP), which regulate digestive processes.

  • Cells of the stomach

    Include parietal cells (secrete HCl), chief cells (secrete pepsinogen), and mucous cells (secrete mucus).

  • Nervous system regulation of the digestive system

    Involves the enteric nervous system and autonomic nervous system controlling motility and secretion.

  • Motility in the digestive system

    Includes peristalsis (wave-like muscle contractions) and segmentation (mixing movements).

  • Microscopic anatomy of the small intestine

    Features villi and microvilli that increase surface area for absorption.

  • Normal flora of the large intestine

    Commensal bacteria that aid in fermentation, vitamin synthesis, and pathogen defense.

  • Defecation reflex

    A spinal cord reflex that triggers relaxation of the internal anal sphincter and contraction of rectal muscles.

  • Hepatocytes

    Liver cells responsible for metabolism, bile production, and detoxification.

  • Salivary glands

    Produce saliva containing amylase to begin carbohydrate digestion.

  • DNES cells

    Diffuse neuroendocrine system cells in the digestive tract that secrete hormones regulating digestion.

  • Metabolism

    All chemical reactions in the body, including catabolism (breakdown) and anabolism (synthesis).

  • Catabolism and anabolism

    Catabolism breaks down molecules to release energy; anabolism uses energy to build molecules.

  • Nutrient monomers that generate ATP

    Include glucose, fatty acids, and amino acids used in cellular respiration.

  • Protein catabolism

    Breakdown of proteins into amino acids for energy or synthesis.

  • Glucose catabolism

    Process of breaking down glucose to produce ATP via glycolysis, citric acid cycle, and electron transport chain.

  • Endergonic reactions

    Reactions that require energy input to proceed.

  • Phosphorylation

    Addition of a phosphate group to a molecule, often to activate or store energy.

  • Substrate level phosphorylation

    Direct transfer of a phosphate group to ADP to form ATP during glycolysis and the citric acid cycle.

  • Oxidation-reduction reactions

    Reactions involving the transfer of electrons between molecules.

  • Glycolysis: location, requirements, products

    Occurs in the cytoplasm, requires glucose and NAD+, produces pyruvate, ATP, and NADH.

  • Citric acid cycle: location, requirements, products

    Occurs in the mitochondrial matrix, requires acetyl-CoA, produces CO2, NADH, FADH2, and ATP.

  • Electron transport chain: location and function

    Located in the inner mitochondrial membrane, uses NADH and FADH2 to create a proton gradient for ATP synthesis.

  • Ketone bodies

    Produced from fatty acid breakdown during fasting; can be used as an alternative energy source.

  • Urea

    Waste product formed in the liver from amino acid deamination and excreted in urine.

  • Glycogenesis

    Process of converting glucose to glycogen for storage in liver and muscle.

  • Gluconeogenesis

    Formation of glucose from non-carbohydrate sources like amino acids and glycerol.

  • HDL versus LDL

    HDL transports cholesterol to the liver for removal; LDL delivers cholesterol to tissues and can contribute to plaque formation.