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Endocrine Hormones and Their Functions

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  • What hormone does the hypothalamus release to stimulate TSH and prolactin secretion?

    TRH (Thyrotropin-Releasing Hormone) stimulates the anterior pituitary to secrete TSH and prolactin.

  • Which hormone from the hypothalamus stimulates ACTH secretion?

    CRH (Corticotropin-Releasing Hormone) stimulates the anterior pituitary to secrete ACTH.

  • What is the role of GnRH released by the hypothalamus?

    GnRH (Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone) stimulates the anterior pituitary to secrete FSH and LH.

  • Which hypothalamic hormone stimulates growth hormone secretion?

    GHRH (Growth Hormone-Releasing Hormone) stimulates the anterior pituitary to secrete growth hormone.

  • What hormone inhibits growth hormone secretion from the anterior pituitary?

    Somatostatin (GHIH) inhibits growth hormone secretion.

  • Which hypothalamic hormone inhibits prolactin secretion?

    Dopamine (PIF) inhibits prolactin secretion from the anterior pituitary.

  • What hormone stored in the posterior pituitary increases water reabsorption in kidneys?

    ADH (Antidiuretic Hormone / Vasopressin) increases water reabsorption in kidney collecting ducts, concentrating urine.

  • What is the function of oxytocin released from the posterior pituitary?

    Oxytocin stimulates uterine contractions and milk let-down in mammary glands.

  • What hormone does the anterior pituitary release to stimulate the thyroid gland?

    TSH (Thyroid-Stimulating Hormone) stimulates synthesis and release of thyroid hormones T3 and T4.

  • Which hormone stimulates glucocorticoid secretion from the adrenal cortex?

    ACTH (Adrenocorticotropic Hormone) stimulates the adrenal cortex (zona fasciculata) to secrete cortisol.

  • What are the target tissues and actions of FSH?

    FSH targets ovaries/testes to stimulate follicle maturation and estrogen production or spermatogenesis.

  • What is the role of LH in the reproductive system?

    LH triggers ovulation and progesterone production in ovaries, and testosterone production in testes.

  • How does growth hormone affect the body?

    GH stimulates tissue growth and protein synthesis in liver, bone, and muscle via IGF-1.

  • What is the function of prolactin?

    Prolactin promotes milk production (lactogenesis) in mammary glands.

  • What effects do thyroid hormones T3 and T4 have on the body?

    Thyroxine (T4) and Triiodothyronine (T3) increase basal metabolic rate and are essential for development.

  • What is the role of calcitonin?

    Calcitonin lowers blood calcium by inhibiting osteoclasts and promoting calcium excretion in kidneys.

  • How does parathyroid hormone (PTH) regulate calcium levels?

    PTH raises blood calcium by stimulating osteoclasts and increasing calcium reabsorption in kidneys and intestines.

  • What is the primary action of aldosterone?

    Aldosterone increases sodium reabsorption and potassium excretion in kidney distal tubules and collecting ducts, raising blood pressure.

  • How does cortisol affect metabolism and immunity?

    Cortisol increases blood glucose via gluconeogenesis and suppresses the immune response.

  • What hormones mediate the 'fight-or-flight' response?

    Epinephrine and Norepinephrine from the adrenal medulla act on heart, blood vessels, and bronchioles to mediate this response.

  • What is the function of insulin?

    Insulin lowers blood glucose by promoting glucose uptake and glycogen storage in liver, muscle, and adipose tissue.

  • How does glucagon affect blood glucose levels?

    Glucagon raises blood glucose by promoting glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis in the liver.

  • What role does melatonin play in the body?

    Melatonin regulates circadian rhythms and sleep-wake cycles via action on the brain (hypothalamus).