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Endocrine System Hormones and Functions - Anatomy & Physiology

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Terms in this set (20)

  • Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

    Produced by hypothalamus, stored in posterior pituitary; increases water reabsorption in kidneys and raises blood volume.

  • Oxytocin

    Released from posterior pituitary; stimulates uterine contractions and milk ejection during breastfeeding.

  • Anterior pituitary gland function

    Secretes hormones that regulate growth, metabolism, and reproduction; controlled by hypothalamic releasing and inhibiting hormones.

  • Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)

    Stimulates growth and development of thyroid gland and secretion of thyroid hormones.

  • Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)

    Stimulates growth and secretion of adrenal cortex hormones.

  • Prolactin (PRL)

    Stimulates milk production in mammary glands, especially after childbirth.

  • Luteinizing hormone (LH)

    In males, stimulates testosterone production; in females, triggers ovulation and production of estrogen and progesterone.

  • Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)

    Promotes production of sperm in males and development of ovarian follicles in females.

  • Growth hormone (GH)

    Stimulates growth of bone and muscle; promotes protein synthesis and fat breakdown; regulated by somatostatin and GHRH.

  • Thymus hormones

    Thymosin and thymopoietin promote T lymphocyte maturation and function as paracrine signals.

  • Insulin

    Secreted by pancreatic beta cells; lowers blood glucose by promoting uptake and storage of glucose, amino acids, and fats.

  • Glucagon

    Secreted by pancreatic alpha cells; raises blood glucose by stimulating glycogen breakdown and gluconeogenesis.

  • Negative feedback in hormone regulation

    Hormone secretion is adjusted based on levels of target hormones or physiological effects to maintain homeostasis.

  • Hypothalamic-hypophyseal portal system

    Specialized blood vessels connecting hypothalamus and anterior pituitary, allowing direct hormone transport.

  • Hydrophilic hormone receptor location

    Located on plasma membrane because hydrophilic hormones cannot cross the cell membrane.

  • Hydrophobic hormone receptor location

    Located inside cytosol or nucleus as hydrophobic hormones can cross the plasma membrane.

  • Up-regulation of hormone receptors

    Target cells increase receptor numbers when hormone levels are low to increase sensitivity.

  • Down-regulation of hormone receptors

    Target cells decrease receptor numbers after prolonged high hormone exposure to reduce sensitivity.

  • Mechanism of hydrophilic hormone action

    Hormone binds membrane receptor, activates G-protein, triggers second messenger (e.g., cAMP), leading to cellular changes.

  • Mechanism of hydrophobic hormone action

    Hormone crosses membrane, binds intracellular receptor, influences gene transcription to alter protein synthesis.