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Endocrine System Review - Anatomy & Physiology

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Terms in this set (59)

  • What do nervous and endocrine systems both regulate?
    Body functions and homeostasis through intercellular chemical communication.
  • What chemical messenger does the nervous system use?
    Neurotransmitters released by neurons.
  • What chemical messenger does the endocrine system use?
    Hormones released into the bloodstream.
  • Which system usually responds faster?
    The nervous system.
  • Which system usually produces longer-lasting effects?
    The endocrine system.
  • What are the major chemical classes of hormones?
    Steroids, peptides/proteins, and amino-acid derivatives.
  • What molecule are steroid hormones derived from?
    Cholesterol.
  • Are steroid hormones lipid-soluble or water-soluble?
    Lipid-soluble.
  • Give examples of steroid hormones.
    Cortisol, aldosterone, estrogen, progesterone, and testosterone.
  • What are peptide hormones composed of?
    Chains of amino acids.
  • Give examples of peptide/protein hormones.
    Insulin, ADH, growth hormone, and PTH.
  • What are amino-acid derivative hormones made from?
    Modified individual amino acids, commonly tyrosine or tryptophan.
  • Give examples of amino-acid derivative hormones.
    Thyroid hormones, epinephrine, norepinephrine, and melatonin.
  • Which hormones usually require blood carrier proteins?
    Lipid-soluble hormones, including steroid and thyroid hormones.
  • Which hormones usually circulate freely in plasma?
    Most water-soluble peptide and catecholamine hormones.
  • What is the hypothalamus's endocrine function?
    Controls the pituitary and produces ADH and oxytocin.
  • What major hormones come from the anterior pituitary?
    GH, TSH, ACTH, FSH, LH, and prolactin.
  • What hormones are released by the posterior pituitary?
    ADH and oxytocin.
  • What hormones does the thyroid produce?
    T3, T4, and calcitonin.
  • What hormone do the parathyroid glands produce?
    Parathyroid hormone (PTH).
  • Where do water-soluble hormones bind receptors?
    On the target cell's plasma membrane.
  • Where do lipid-soluble hormones usually bind receptors?
    Inside the target cell, in the cytoplasm or nucleus.
  • What is a second messenger?
    An intracellular molecule that relays a signal from a membrane receptor.
  • What is a common second messenger?
    Cyclic AMP (cAMP).
  • What endocrine structure directly controls the pituitary?
    The hypothalamus.
  • How does the hypothalamus control the anterior pituitary?
    With releasing and inhibiting hormones through the portal system.
  • What is negative feedback?
    The final response reduces the original stimulus or hormone secretion.
  • Why is negative feedback important?
    It stabilizes hormone levels and helps maintain homeostasis.
  • What is the HPT axis?
    Hypothalamus TRH -> pituitary TSH -> thyroid T3/T4.
  • What is the HPA axis?
    Hypothalamus CRH -> pituitary ACTH -> adrenal cortisol.
  • Where is the thyroid gland located?
    Anterior neck, below the larynx and around the trachea.
  • What do thyroid follicular cells produce?
    T3 and T4.
  • What is the main function of T3 and T4?
    Increase metabolic activity and support growth and development.
  • What hormone stimulates the thyroid?
    Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH).
  • What hormone do the adrenal cortex produce?
    Aldosterone, cortisol, and adrenal androgens.
  • What hormones come from the adrenal medulla?
    Epinephrine and norepinephrine.
  • What is the main function of insulin?
    It lowers blood glucose by promoting glucose uptake and storage.
  • What is the main function of glucagon?
    It raises blood glucose by stimulating glucose release from the liver.
  • What hormone is secreted by the pineal gland?
    Melatonin.
  • What is the main function of melatonin?
    It helps regulate circadian rhythms and the sleep-wake cycle.
  • What are the three major types of hormone interactions?
    Permissive, synergistic, and antagonistic interactions.
  • What is a permissive hormone interaction?
    One hormone allows or enhances another hormone's effect.
  • What is a synergistic hormone interaction?
    Two or more hormones work together to produce a greater effect.
  • What is an antagonistic hormone interaction?
    Two hormones produce opposing physiological effects.
  • What are the three major stimuli for hormone secretion?
    Humoral, neural, and hormonal stimuli.
  • What is a humoral stimulus?
    A change in blood levels of ions or nutrients that triggers hormone secretion.
  • What is a neural stimulus?
    A nerve impulse that directly stimulates hormone secretion.
  • What is a hormonal stimulus?
    One hormone stimulates another endocrine gland to release hormones.
  • How do hormones travel to their target cells?
    They circulate through the bloodstream.
  • What is diabetes mellitus?
    A group of disorders characterized by chronic high blood glucose due to inadequate insulin action.
  • What causes type 1 diabetes mellitus?
    Autoimmune destruction of pancreatic beta cells.
  • What is hypothyroidism?
    Insufficient thyroid hormone activity.
  • What is hyperthyroidism?
    Excessive thyroid hormone activity.
  • What is Cushing syndrome?
    A condition caused by excessive cortisol exposure.
  • What is Addison disease?
    Primary adrenal insufficiency caused by adrenal cortex dysfunction.
  • What causes gigantism?
    Excess growth hormone before the growth plates close.
  • What causes acromegaly?
    Excess growth hormone in adulthood.
  • What is hyperparathyroidism?
    Excessive secretion of parathyroid hormone.
  • What is hypoparathyroidism?
    Insufficient secretion of parathyroid hormone.