Skip to main content
Back

Muscular System - Anatomy & Physiology

Control buttons has been changed to "navigation" mode.
1/22

Terms in this set (22)

  • Functions of muscular tissue

    Movement of body parts and organ contents, posture maintenance, communication (speech, expression), control of openings, swallowing, and heat production.

  • Connective tissue components of a muscle

    Epimysium covers whole muscle, perimysium surrounds fascicles, endomysium surrounds individual muscle fibers, and tendons connect muscle to bone.

  • Types of muscle-bone attachments

    Direct (fleshy) attachment where epimysium is continuous with periosteum, and indirect attachment where collagen fibers form tendons or aponeuroses connecting to bone.

  • Intrinsic vs extrinsic muscles

    Intrinsic muscles are contained within a region (e.g., hand), while extrinsic muscles act on a region but have origins outside it.

  • Muscle fascicle orientations and examples

    Fusiform (biceps brachii), parallel (rectus abdominis), convergent (pectoralis major), unipennate, bipennate, multipennate (deltoid), and circular (orbicularis oculi).

  • Roles of muscles in coordinated actions

    Prime mover (agonist) produces main force, synergist aids and stabilizes, antagonist opposes movement, and fixator stabilizes origin bone.

  • Skeletal muscle structure components

    Muscle fibers, blood vessels (oxygen and glucose supply), nerves (coordinate contraction), and connective tissues (epimysium, perimysium, endomysium).

  • Superficial vs deep fascia

    Superficial fascia is adipose tissue beneath skin, deep fascia separates adjacent muscles and muscle groups.

  • Origin, insertion, and belly of a muscle

    Origin is the stationary attachment, insertion is the movable attachment, and belly is the thick middle region of the muscle.

  • Naming muscles by Latin terms

    Muscles are named by location, shape, size, direction, number of origins, and action, e.g., levator elevates, profundus means deep, quadriceps has four heads.

  • Muscles of facial expression

    Small muscles inserting into dermis; paralysis causes sagging. Includes muscles in scalp, forehead, around eyes, nose, mouth, and neck.

  • Muscles that close and open the eyes

    Orbicularis oculi closes eyes; levator palpebrae superioris opens upper eyelid.

  • Muscles involved in chewing

    Four major muscles: temporalis and masseter elevate mandible; medial and lateral pterygoids assist elevation and lateral jaw movement.

  • Muscles of respiration

    Diaphragm and external intercostals cause inspiration; internal intercostals cause forced expiration.

  • Diaphragm function

    Muscular dome separating thoracic and abdominal cavities; contraction flattens it, increasing thoracic volume for inhalation and raising abdominal pressure.

  • Muscles acting on the scapula

    Includes pectoralis minor, serratus anterior, trapezius, rhomboids, and levator scapulae, producing scapular elevation, depression, rotation, protraction, and retraction.

  • Rotator cuff muscles

    Supraspinatus, infraspinatus, teres minor, and subscapularis stabilize and reinforce the shoulder joint capsule.

  • Principal flexors and extensors of the forearm

    Biceps brachii and brachialis flex the forearm; triceps brachii extends the forearm.

  • Muscles of the anterior forearm

    Flex and extend wrist and fingers; include flexor carpi, flexor digitorum, and flexor pollicis longus.

  • Muscles acting on the hip

    Iliopsoas is the major hip flexor; gluteus maximus is the prime hip extensor; adductor group medially rotates and adducts thigh.

  • Muscles acting on the knee

    Quadriceps femoris extends the knee; hamstrings (biceps femoris, semitendinosus, semimembranosus) flex the knee.

  • Muscles of the leg compartments

    Anterior compartment dorsiflexes and extends toes; posterior compartment plantar flexes ankle; lateral compartment everts foot.