Question 1

Which of the following best describes the function of cell adhesion molecules (CAMs) in tissues?

Accepted Answer

CAMs anchor cells to the extracellular matrix and to each other, maintaining tissue structure.

Question 2

A patient presents with a genetic defect that prevents the formation of tight junctions in their intestinal epithelium. Which of the following consequences is most likely?

Accepted Answer

Increased permeability of the intestinal lining, allowing substances to pass between cells.

Question 3

Which equation best represents the relationship between bone mass ($$M$$), physical activity ($$A$$), and calcium intake ($$C$$), assuming all other factors are constant?

Accepted Answer

$$M = A 	imes C$$

Question 4

Which of the following is a structural and functional difference between tight junctions and gap junctions?

Accepted Answer

Tight junctions seal adjacent cells to prevent leakage, while gap junctions allow communication via channels.

Question 5

Which of the following best explains why epitheliums must constantly repair and renew themselves?

Accepted Answer

Epithelial cells are exposed to frequent abrasion and environmental damage, requiring rapid replacement from stem cells.

Question 6

A patient with a deficiency in vitamin D is unable to produce sufficient calcitriol. What is the most direct consequence of this deficiency?

Accepted Answer

Impaired absorption of calcium from the digestive tract.

Question 7

Which of the following statements about the extracellular matrix (ECM) is correct?

Accepted Answer

The ECM provides structural support, regulates cell behavior, and contains ground substance and protein fibers.

Question 8

Which of the following best describes the difference between exocrine and endocrine glands?

Accepted Answer

Exocrine glands release their products through ducts onto epithelial surfaces, while endocrine glands secrete hormones into the blood.

Question 9

Which of the following is a function of neuroglial cells in nervous tissue?

Accepted Answer

Providing structural support, insulation, and nourishment to neurons.

Question 10

Which equation best represents the process of bone fracture repair, considering the stages: hematoma formation ($$H$$), fibrocartilaginous callus formation ($$F$$), bony callus formation ($$B$$), and bone remodeling ($$R$$)?

Accepted Answer

$$H \rightarrow F \rightarrow B \rightarrow R$$

Question 11

Which of the following best explains the difference between concentric lamellae, interstitial lamellae, and circumferential lamellae in bone?

Accepted Answer

Concentric lamellae form the rings of osteons, interstitial lamellae fill spaces between osteons, and circumferential lamellae encircle the entire bone.

Question 12

A synovial joint is characterized by which of the following features?

Accepted Answer

Presence of a joint cavity filled with synovial fluid, articular cartilage covering bone surfaces, and supporting ligaments.

Question 13

Which of the following best describes the role of parathyroid hormone (PTH) in calcium homeostasis?

Accepted Answer

PTH increases blood calcium levels by stimulating osteoclast activity and promoting calcium reabsorption in the kidneys.

Question 14

Which of the following is a characteristic of vellus hairs compared to terminal hairs?

Accepted Answer

Vellus hairs are fine, unpigmented, and cover most of the body, while terminal hairs are thicker, pigmented, and found in areas such as the scalp and beard.

Question 15

Which of the following best explains why many injections are given in the subcutaneous layer?

Accepted Answer

The subcutaneous layer has a rich blood supply, allowing for rapid absorption of injected substances.

Question 16

Which of the following is a function of the periosteum?

Accepted Answer

Provides a site for muscle attachment, contains osteogenic cells for bone growth and repair, and supplies blood to bone tissue.

Question 17

Which of the following best describes the process of endochondral ossification?

Accepted Answer

Bone develops from a hyaline cartilage model, which is gradually replaced by bone tissue through a series of steps.

Question 18

Which of the following is a function of serous membranes?

Accepted Answer

Serous membranes line internal cavities, secrete fluid to reduce friction between organs, and are found in the thoracic and abdominal cavities.

Question 19

Which of the following best explains the difference between regeneration and fibrosis in tissue repair?

Accepted Answer

Regeneration restores original tissue structure and function, while fibrosis replaces damaged tissue with scar tissue that lacks normal function.

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