Q: Which equation represents the formation of bicarbonate from carbon dioxide in red blood cells?

$$\mathrm{CO}_2 + \mathrm{H}_2\mathrm{O} \xrightarrow{\text{carbonic anhydrase}} \mathrm{H}_2\mathrm{CO}_3 \rightarrow \mathrm{HCO}_3^- + \mathrm{H}^+$$

Q: Which equation best represents Dalton's Law of partial pressures as applied to respiratory gases?

$$P_{\text{total}} = P$$_{\text{O}$$_2} + P$$_{\text{CO}$$_2} + P$$_{\text{N}$$_2} + \ldots$$

Question 1

Which of the following best describes the primary function of the lymphatic system?

Accepted Answer

Returning interstitial fluid to the bloodstream and providing immune defense

Question 2

Lymph is most similar in composition to which of the following fluids, and why does it appear white?

Accepted Answer

Interstitial fluid; it contains chylomicrons (lipid droplets) absorbed from the intestines

Question 3

Which equation best represents Boyle's Law, which explains the relationship between pressure and volume during breathing?

Accepted Answer

$$P 	imes V = k$$

Question 4

A patient with a ruptured spleen is at risk for which of the following complications, and why?

Accepted Answer

Life-threatening hemorrhage and increased susceptibility to infection because the spleen cannot regenerate and is highly vascular

Question 5

Which of the following is NOT a function of the complement cascade in the immune system?

Accepted Answer

Stimulation of antibody production

Question 6

Which cytokine is primarily responsible for stimulating the proliferation of T cells after antigen recognition?

Accepted Answer

IL-2

Question 7

During external respiration, which direction do oxygen and carbon dioxide move across the respiratory membrane?

Accepted Answer

Oxygen moves from alveoli to blood; carbon dioxide moves from blood to alveoli

Question 8

Which equation represents the formation of bicarbonate from carbon dioxide in red blood cells?

Accepted Answer

$$\mathrm{CO}_2 + \mathrm{H}_2\mathrm{O} \xrightarrow{	ext{carbonic anhydrase}} \mathrm{H}_2\mathrm{CO}_3 ightarrow \mathrm{HCO}_3^- + \mathrm{H}^+$$

Question 9

Which of the following best explains the Bohr effect in oxygen transport?

Accepted Answer

Decreased pH and increased CO2 cause hemoglobin to release oxygen more readily

Question 10

Which antibody is most important in the secondary immune response, and why?

Accepted Answer

IgG; it is produced in greater quantities and has higher affinity during secondary exposure

Question 11

A patient with COPD is likely to have which of the following blood gas findings?

Accepted Answer

High PCO2 and low PO2

Question 12

Which of the following best describes the role of surfactant in the alveoli?

Accepted Answer

Decreases alveolar surface tension, preventing collapse and making breathing easier

Question 13

Which equation best represents Dalton's Law of partial pressures as applied to respiratory gases?

Accepted Answer

$$P_{	ext{total}} = P$$_{	ext{O}$$_2} + P$$_{	ext{CO}$$_2} + P$$_{	ext{N}$$_2} + \ldots$$

Question 14

Which of the following is a characteristic of adaptive immunity?

Accepted Answer

It is specific, has memory, and improves upon repeated exposure

Question 15

Which of the following best describes the process of opsonization?

Accepted Answer

Coating of pathogens with antibodies or complement to enhance phagocytosis

Question 16

Which of the following is a function of the medullary respiratory centers?

Accepted Answer

Control of rhythmic breathing by generating inspiratory and expiratory signals

Question 17

Which of the following best explains why the thickness of the respiratory membrane is important for gas exchange?

Accepted Answer

Thicker membranes decrease the rate of gas diffusion, impairing oxygen and carbon dioxide exchange

Question 18

Which of the following is the most important chemical stimulus for respiration under normal conditions?

Accepted Answer

PCO2

Question 19

Which equation best represents Fick’s Law of diffusion as applied to gas exchange in the lungs?

Accepted Answer

$$	ext{Rate} = \frac{(P_1$ - P_2$) 	imes A}{d}$$

A&P II Exam 2 Study Guide: Lymphatic, Immune, and Respiratory Systems

Study Guide - Practice Questions

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