$$\mathrm{CO_2$} + \mathrm{H_2O} \xrightarrow{\text{carbonic anhydrase}} \mathrm{H_2CO_3} \rightarrow \mathrm{H^+} + \mathrm{$$HCO_3$$^-}$$

Question 1

Which of the following best describes the primary function of the lymphatic system?

Accepted Answer

Returning interstitial fluid to the bloodstream and providing immune defense

Question 2

Lymph is most similar in composition to which other body fluid, and why does it appear white?

Accepted Answer

Interstitial fluid; it is white because of the presence of chylomicrons (lipids)

Question 3

Which structural feature of lymphatic capillaries makes them more permeable than blood capillaries?

Accepted Answer

Overlapping endothelial cells that act as one-way mini valves

Question 4

A patient presents with swelling in the lower limbs due to impaired lymphatic drainage. What is the most likely diagnosis?

Accepted Answer

Lymphedema

Question 5

Which of the following is NOT a function of the spleen?

Accepted Answer

Producing insulin

Question 6

Which cytokine is primarily responsible for stimulating the proliferation of T cells after antigen exposure?

Accepted Answer

IL-2

Question 7

Which of the following best describes the difference between innate and adaptive immunity?

Accepted Answer

Innate immunity is nonspecific and immediate; adaptive immunity is specific and develops memory

Question 8

Which cell is the first responder to a bacterial infection and what is its primary mechanism of action?

Accepted Answer

Neutrophil; phagocytosis and release of defensins

Question 9

A patient with a ruptured spleen is at risk for which of the following complications?

Accepted Answer

Life-threatening hemorrhage and increased susceptibility to infection

Question 10

Which of the following is a function of the complement system in immunity?

Accepted Answer

Enhancing phagocytosis, triggering inflammation, lysing pathogens, and attracting immune cells

Question 11

Which antibody is most important in the secondary immune response and is found in the highest concentration in plasma?

Accepted Answer

IgG

Question 12

Which of the following best describes the Bohr effect?

Accepted Answer

Increased CO2 and decreased pH cause hemoglobin to release O2 more readily

Question 13

According to Boyle's Law, what happens to the pressure in the lungs when the volume increases during inspiration?

Accepted Answer

Pressure decreases

Question 14

Which equation represents the conversion of CO2 to bicarbonate in red blood cells, catalyzed by carbonic anhydrase?

Accepted Answer

$$\mathrm{CO_2$} + \mathrm{H_2O} \xrightarrow{	ext{carbonic anhydrase}} \mathrm{H_2CO_3} ightarrow \mathrm{H^+} + \mathrm{$$HCO_3$$^-}$$

Question 15

Which of the following best explains why surfactant is important in the lungs?

Accepted Answer

It decreases alveolar surface tension, preventing collapse

Question 16

A patient with COPD is likely to have which of the following blood gas findings?

Accepted Answer

High CO2 and low O2

Question 17

Which of the following is the most important chemical stimulus for respiration under normal conditions?

Accepted Answer

PCO2

Question 18

Which nerve transmits information about O2 and pH from peripheral chemoreceptors to the brain?

Accepted Answer

Vagus nerve

Question 19

A patient exposed to high altitude experiences increased ventilation. Which law explains the decrease in PO2 with altitude?

Accepted Answer

Dalton's Law of Partial Pressures

Question 20

Which equation best represents Fick’s Law of diffusion as it applies to gas exchange in the lungs?

Accepted Answer

$$	ext{Rate of diffusion} = \frac{A \cdot D \cdot (P_1$ - P_2$)}{T}$$

A&P II Exam 2 Study Guide: Lymphatic, Immune, and Respiratory Systems

Study Guide - Practice Questions