Question 1

Which of the following best describes the process of glomerular filtration in the nephron?

Accepted Answer

It is a passive process that filters most substances from blood, reclaiming what needs to be kept and removing unclaimed materials in urine.

Question 2

Which of the following substances is NOT freely filtered into the glomerular capsule?

Accepted Answer

Plasma proteins

Question 3

A patient with diabetes mellitus has glucose present in their urine. What is the most likely explanation?

Accepted Answer

The concentration of glucose in the filtrate exceeds the transport maximum for reabsorption.

Question 4

Which hormone increases water reabsorption in the collecting duct?

Accepted Answer

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

Question 5

During dehydration, what happens to ADH release and urine concentration?

Accepted Answer

ADH release increases, producing a small volume of concentrated urine.

Question 6

Which of the following conditions is characterized by detectable amounts of erythrocytes in urine?

Accepted Answer

Hematuria

Question 7

What is the main function of the transitional epithelium lining the ureters, urinary bladder, and part of the urethra?

Accepted Answer

Stretching

Question 8

An increase in the solute content of the extracellular fluid (ECF) compartment will have what effect on the intracellular fluid (ICF) compartment?

Accepted Answer

A shift of water out of the cells

Question 9

Which hormone is most important in regulating blood calcium (Ca$$^{2+}) $$levels?

Accepted Answer

Parathyroid hormone (PTH)

Question 10

Which of the following acts within a fraction of a second to resist pH changes in the body?

Accepted Answer

Chemical buffer systems

Question 11

Refer to the equation: $$\mathrm{CO_2$ + H_2O \leftrightarrow H_2CO_3 \leftrightarrow H^+ + $$HCO_3$$^-}$$
How does the equation shift when plasma $$\mathrm{CO_2$}$$ concentration rises?

Accepted Answer

Shifts to the right

Question 12

How would hyperventilation affect blood pH?

Accepted Answer

Net elimination of carbon dioxide would lead to alkalosis.

Question 13

Which of the following is correct regarding respiratory acidosis? Select all that apply.

Accepted Answer

Occurs when gas exchange is hampered by diseases such as pneumonia

Question 14

A blood sample shows: pH = 7.32, $$\mathrm{P_{CO_2$}} = 60 mm Hg$$, $$\mathrm{$$HCO_3$$^-} = 29 $$mEq/L. What is the most accurate conclusion?

Accepted Answer

This is respiratory acidosis being compensated by renal mechanisms.

Question 15

Which hormone, produced by the embryo, prompts the corpus luteum to continue secreting progesterone and estrogens?

Accepted Answer

hCG

Question 16

Which of the following is an effect of high levels of estrogens produced by the mature vesicular follicle just before ovulation?

Accepted Answer

High levels of estrogens exert positive feedback on the hypothalamus and anterior pituitary; this feedback stimulates gonadotropin release.

Question 17

Which portion of the male duct system serves both the urinary and reproductive systems?

Accepted Answer

Urethra

Question 18

Which hormone helps to prevent preterm labor?

Accepted Answer

Progesterone

Question 19

Which fetal testing technique analyzes amniotic fluid and involves karyotyping of chromosomes of cultured cells?

Accepted Answer

Amniocentesis

Acid-Base Balance: Bicarbonate Buffer System and Acid-Base Disturbances

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