Q: Which of the following equations correctly represents the stoichiometry of the Na$$^+-K$^+$$ pump during one cycle?

$$3\text{Na}^+_{\text{in}} + 2\text{K}^+_{\text{out}} + \text{ATP} \rightarrow 3\text{Na}^+_{\text{out}} + 2\text{K}^+_{\text{in}} + \text{ADP} + \text{P}_i$$

Question 1

Which of the following best describes the main difference between primary and secondary active transport across the plasma membrane?

Accepted Answer

Primary active transport uses energy directly from ATP hydrolysis, while secondary active transport uses energy stored in ionic gradients created by primary active transport.

Question 2

A patient is given a drug that inhibits the Na$$^+-K$^+$$ ATPase pump. Which of the following would most likely occur as a result?

Accepted Answer

The cell would lose its ability to maintain its resting membrane potential, leading to depolarization.

Question 3

Which of the following equations correctly represents the stoichiometry of the Na$$^+-K$^+$$ pump during one cycle?

Accepted Answer

$$3	ext{Na}^+_{	ext{in}} + 2	ext{K}^+_{	ext{out}} + 	ext{ATP} ightarrow 3	ext{Na}^+_{	ext{out}} + 2	ext{K}^+_{	ext{in}} + 	ext{ADP} + 	ext{P}_i$$

Question 4

Which process is responsible for the uptake of cholesterol into cells?

Accepted Answer

Receptor-mediated endocytosis

Question 5

A white blood cell engulfs a bacterium by extending pseudopods around it. What is this process called?

Accepted Answer

Phagocytosis

Question 6

Which of the following best explains why the inside of a resting cell membrane is negative relative to the outside?

Accepted Answer

K$$^+$$ ions diffuse out of the cell down their concentration gradient, while negatively charged proteins remain inside.

Question 7

Which of the following is NOT a function of cell adhesion molecules (CAMs)?

Accepted Answer

Facilitating the direct synthesis of ATP from glucose

Question 8

A cell in the small intestine absorbs nutrients by engulfing droplets of extracellular fluid. Which process is this?

Accepted Answer

Pinocytosis

Question 9

Which of the following best describes the role of G proteins in cell signaling?

Accepted Answer

They act as relays between extracellular first messengers and intracellular second messengers.

Question 10

Which of the following would most likely result if a cell lost the ability to perform exocytosis?

Accepted Answer

The cell would be unable to secrete neurotransmitters and hormones.

Question 11

Which of the following is true regarding the resting membrane potential (RMP) of most cells?

Accepted Answer

It is primarily established by the movement of K$$^+$$ ions out of the cell.

Question 12

Which of the following best describes the process of transcytosis?

Accepted Answer

Transport of substances into, across, and then out of a cell via vesicles

Question 13

A mutation causes a cell to lack clathrin-coated pits. Which process would be most directly affected?

Accepted Answer

Receptor-mediated endocytosis

Question 14

Which of the following is a real-life example of secondary active transport in the human body?

Accepted Answer

Absorption of glucose in the small intestine via Na$$^+-$$glucose symporters

Question 15

Which of the following statements about the Na$$^+-K$^+$$ pump is correct?

Accepted Answer

It helps maintain the electrochemical gradients essential for muscle and nerve function.

Question 16

Which of the following best explains why Cl$$^-$$ does not influence the resting membrane potential in most cells?

Accepted Answer

Its concentration and electrical gradients are exactly balanced.

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