Question 1

Which of the following best describes the primary function of the adaptive immune system?

Accepted Answer

It eliminates almost any pathogen or abnormal cell in the body through specific recognition and memory.

Question 2

A patient receives a vaccine containing dead or attenuated pathogens. Which type of immunity is being induced?

Accepted Answer

Artificially acquired active immunity

Question 3

Which immunoglobulin class is most abundant in plasma and is responsible for secondary and late primary responses?

Accepted Answer

IgG

Question 4

What is the main difference between humoral and cellular immunity?

Accepted Answer

Humoral immunity involves antibodies circulating in body fluids, while cellular immunity involves lymphocytes acting directly or indirectly against target cells.

Question 5

Which of the following is TRUE regarding antigenic determinants?

Accepted Answer

Antigenic determinants are the parts of an antigen that antibodies or lymphocyte receptors bind to.

Question 6

During lymphocyte maturation, what is the purpose of positive selection in the thymus?

Accepted Answer

To select T cells capable of recognizing self-MHC proteins.

Question 7

A child receives antibodies from their mother through breast milk. What type of immunity is this?

Accepted Answer

Naturally acquired passive immunity

Question 8

Which antibody class is most likely to be elevated in a patient suffering from a parasitic worm infection?

Accepted Answer

IgE

Question 9

What is the result of clonal selection after a B cell encounters its specific antigen?

Accepted Answer

The B cell proliferates and differentiates into plasma cells and memory cells.

Question 10

Which defensive mechanism is described as antibodies blocking specific sites on viruses or bacterial exotoxins, preventing them from binding to tissue cells?

Accepted Answer

Neutralization

Question 11

A patient is exposed to the same antigen for a second time. Which of the following best describes the secondary immune response?

Accepted Answer

Sensitized memory cells respond within hours, antibody levels peak in 2 to 3 days at much higher levels.

Question 12

Which of the following statements about haptens is correct?

Accepted Answer

Haptens can become immunogenic when attached to the body's own proteins.

Question 13

Which cell type is considered the most effective antigen presenter and acts as a key link between innate and adaptive immunity?

Accepted Answer

Dendritic cells

Question 14

What is the main function of the constant (C) region of an antibody?

Accepted Answer

It serves as the effector region, dictating how the antibody class functions to eliminate antigens.

Question 15

Which of the following equations best represents the relationship between the number of gene segments and the diversity of lymphocyte antigen receptors?

Accepted Answer

The diversity is the product of gene segment combinations: $$D = n_1$ 	imes n_2$ 	imes n_3$ \ldots$$

Question 16

Which of the following is NOT a function of antibodies?

Accepted Answer

Directly destroying antigens

Question 17

A patient receives an injection of gamma globulin after exposure to hepatitis. What type of immunity is this?

Accepted Answer

Artificially acquired passive immunity

Question 18

Which process ensures self-tolerance in T cells during maturation?

Accepted Answer

Negative selection (clonal deletion)

Question 19

Which antibody class is most likely to be found in mucus and other secretions, helping prevent entry of pathogens?

Accepted Answer

IgA

Question 20

Which of the following best explains why mismatched blood transfusions can lead to agglutination?

Accepted Answer

Antibodies bind to multiple antigenic determinants on mismatched blood cells, cross-linking them into large clumps.

Adaptive Immune System: Innate and Adaptive Body Defenses

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