Question 1

Which of the following best describes the primary difference between adaptive immunity and innate immunity?

Accepted Answer

Adaptive immunity requires prior exposure to a specific antigen and has memory for future responses.

Question 2

A patient receives a vaccine containing inactivated viral particles. Which branch of adaptive immunity is primarily activated?

Accepted Answer

Humoral immunity involving B lymphocytes and antibody production.

Question 3

Which of the following is TRUE regarding antigenic determinants (epitopes)?

Accepted Answer

Epitopes are the specific regions of an antigen that bind to antibodies or lymphocyte receptors.

Question 4

Which cell type is responsible for directly killing virus-infected cells and tumor cells in cell-mediated immunity?

Accepted Answer

Cytotoxic T cells ($$T_C)$$

Question 5

A person is exposed to the same pathogen for a second time. Which feature of adaptive immunity allows for a faster and stronger response?

Accepted Answer

Immunological memory

Question 6

Which of the following best explains why organ transplants can be rejected by the recipient's immune system?

Accepted Answer

The recipient's T cells recognize donor MHC proteins as foreign antigens.

Question 7

Which of the following is a function of helper T cells ($$T_H) in $$the adaptive immune response?

Accepted Answer

Activate B cells and cytotoxic T cells by releasing cytokines.

Question 8

A patient with severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID) is unable to mount an effective adaptive immune response. Which cell types are most likely deficient?

Accepted Answer

B lymphocytes and T lymphocytes

Question 9

Which of the following best describes the process of antigen presentation?

Accepted Answer

Antigen-presenting cells display antigen fragments on MHC proteins to T cells.

Question 10

Which immunoglobulin structure is correctly described?

Accepted Answer

Immunoglobulins consist of two identical heavy chains and two identical light chains.

Question 11

A patient experiences anaphylactic shock after exposure to peanuts. Which type of hypersensitivity reaction is this?

Accepted Answer

Type I immediate hypersensitivity (allergy)

Question 12

Which of the following is a mechanism by which cytotoxic T cells ($$T_C) $$destroy infected cells?

Accepted Answer

Release of perforin and granzymes to induce apoptosis

Question 13

Which equation best represents the relationship between antigen concentration and antibody production during a primary immune response?

Accepted Answer

$$[Ab] = k 	imes [Ag]$$ where $$[Ab] is $$antibody concentration, $$[Ag] is $$antigen concentration, and $$k is a $$proportionality constant.

Question 14

Which of the following is NOT a possible cause of autoimmune disease?

Accepted Answer

Excessive production of plasma antibodies against foreign antigens only

Question 15

Which cell type is responsible for producing antibodies in the humoral immune response?

Accepted Answer

Plasma cells derived from B lymphocytes

Question 16

A patient with myasthenia gravis has antibodies attacking acetylcholine receptors at the neuromuscular junction. This is an example of:

Accepted Answer

Autoimmune disease

Question 17

Which of the following best describes the role of memory cells in adaptive immunity?

Accepted Answer

They enable a rapid and robust secondary response upon re-exposure to the same antigen.

Question 18

Which of the following is a function of regulatory T cells ($$T_{reg}$$)?

Accepted Answer

Suppress immune responses to maintain self-tolerance

Question 19

Which process allows B cells to become plasma cells and memory cells after encountering an antigen?

Accepted Answer

Differentiation and proliferation

Question 20

Which of the following is a real-world example of passive humoral immunity?

Accepted Answer

Receiving antivenom after a snake bite

Adaptive Immunity: The Specific Defense System

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