Q: Which equation correctly represents aerobic cellular respiration?

$$\mathrm{C_6H_{12}O_6$} + 6\ \mathrm{O_2$} \rightarrow 6\ \mathrm{CO_2$} + 6\ \mathrm{H_2O} + \text{energy (ATP)}$$

Question 1

Which of the following best describes the difference between endergonic and exergonic reactions in terms of free energy?

Accepted Answer

Endergonic reactions require an input of energy because products have higher free energy than reactants, while exergonic reactions release energy because products have lower free energy than reactants.

Question 2

A patient is exposed to a toxin that inhibits the function of NAD and FAD. Which metabolic pathway would be most directly affected?

Accepted Answer

Citric Acid Cycle and Electron Transport System, because NAD and FAD are essential for transferring electrons in these pathways.

Question 3

Which equation correctly represents aerobic cellular respiration?

Accepted Answer

$$\mathrm{C_6H_{12}O_6$} + 6\ \mathrm{O_2$} ightarrow 6\ \mathrm{CO_2$} + 6\ \mathrm{H_2O} + 	ext{energy (ATP)}$$

Question 4

Which of the following best explains why water moves into a cell placed in a hypotonic solution?

Accepted Answer

The cell has a higher concentration of nonpenetrating solutes than the solution, causing water to move into the cell by osmosis.

Question 5

Which of the following is a property unique to simple diffusion but not facilitated diffusion?

Accepted Answer

Direct movement through the phospholipid bilayer without the need for a protein channel or carrier

Question 6

A red blood cell is placed in a solution and swells until it bursts. Which term best describes the solution and what is the likely cause?

Accepted Answer

The solution is hypotonic; water enters the cell due to osmosis.

Question 7

Which of the following best describes the role of coenzymes in metabolism?

Accepted Answer

They are organic molecules that transfer chemical groups between enzymes, facilitating metabolic reactions.

Question 8

Which of the following best describes the difference between primary and secondary active transport?

Accepted Answer

Primary active transport uses ATP directly, while secondary active transport uses the energy stored in an ion gradient created by primary active transport.

Question 9

During the resting membrane potential (RMP), which of the following statements is correct regarding the distribution of sodium (Na$$^+) $$and potassium (K$$^+) $$ions?

Accepted Answer

Na$$^+ is $$higher outside the cell and K$$^+ is $$higher inside the cell.

Question 10

Which of the following best explains why only certain cells respond to a specific signal molecule?

Accepted Answer

Only cells with the appropriate receptor for the signal molecule can respond.

Question 11

Which of the following is NOT one of Cannon’s four postulates concerning regulated variables and control systems?

Accepted Answer

All physiological variables are regulated by positive feedback.

Question 12

Which process best describes the movement of large particles into a cell by engulfing them with the cell membrane?

Accepted Answer

Phagocytosis

Question 13

Which of the following best describes the difference between transcription and translation in protein synthesis?

Accepted Answer

Transcription is the synthesis of mRNA from DNA in the nucleus, while translation is the assembly of a protein from mRNA at the ribosome.

Question 14

A cell is exposed to a lipophilic signal molecule. Where is the most likely location of the receptor for this molecule?

Accepted Answer

On the cytoplasmic or nuclear membrane, inside the cell

Question 15

Which of the following best describes the process of signal amplification in a signal transduction pathway?

Accepted Answer

A single signal molecule leads to the activation of many second messengers, resulting in a large cellular response.

Question 16

Which of the following is a characteristic of secondary active transport?

Accepted Answer

It relies on the energy stored in the concentration gradient of another molecule, often established by primary active transport.

Question 17

Which of the following best describes the role of ribosomal RNA (rRNA) in protein synthesis?

Accepted Answer

It forms the core of the ribosome and catalyzes peptide bond formation.

Question 18

Which of the following is true regarding the difference between isosmotic, hyperosmotic, and hyposmotic solutions?

Accepted Answer

Isosmotic solutions have the same osmolarity as the reference solution; hyperosmotic solutions have higher osmolarity, and hyposmotic solutions have lower osmolarity.

Question 19

Which of the following best describes a pheromone?

Accepted Answer

A chemical signal released into the environment to affect the behavior or physiology of another individual of the same species.

Advanced Human Physiology Exam 2 Review – Guided Study Notes

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