Question 1

A patient presents with muscle weakness and loss of sensation in the upper limb after a traumatic injury. MRI reveals damage to the brachial plexus. Which spinal nerve roots are most likely affected?

Accepted Answer

C5–T1

Question 2

During an action potential, which event is responsible for the rapid depolarization phase?

Accepted Answer

Opening of voltage-gated sodium channels

Question 3

Which equation best represents the Nernst equation for calculating the equilibrium potential for potassium ($$K^+) $$across a neuronal membrane?

Accepted Answer

$$E_K = \frac{RT}{zF} \ln \left( \frac{[K^+]_{out}}{[K^+]_{in}} \right)$$

Question 4

A patient is unable to move their right eye laterally. Damage to which cranial nerve is most likely responsible?

Accepted Answer

Abducens nerve (CN VI)

Question 5

Which of the following best describes the sequence of events in a monosynaptic reflex arc?

Accepted Answer

Receptor → Sensory neuron → Integration center → Motor neuron → Effector

Question 6

Which neuroglial cell is primarily responsible for forming the blood-brain barrier?

Accepted Answer

Astrocyte

Question 7

A patient with a tumor compressing the dorsal root ganglion would most likely experience which of the following symptoms?

Accepted Answer

Loss of sensory perception

Question 8

Which of the following best explains why saltatory conduction is faster than continuous conduction?

Accepted Answer

Myelin sheaths allow action potentials to jump between nodes of Ranvier

Question 9

Which brain structure is responsible for relaying all sensory information (except olfaction) to the cerebral cortex?

Accepted Answer

Thalamus

Question 10

A patient with damage to Broca’s area would most likely have difficulty with which function?

Accepted Answer

Producing speech

Question 11

Which of the following best describes the role of the sodium-potassium pump in maintaining the resting membrane potential?

Accepted Answer

It actively transports 3 sodium ions out and 2 potassium ions into the neuron

Question 12

Which equation represents the Goldman-Hodgkin-Katz equation for membrane potential ($$V_m$$)?

Accepted Answer

$$V_m = \frac{RT}{F} \ln \left( \frac{P_{K^+}[K^+]_{out} + P_{Na^+}[Na^+]_{out} + P_{Cl^-}[Cl^-]_{in}}{P_{K^+}[K^+]_{in} + P_{Na^+}[Na^+]_{in} + P_{Cl^-}[Cl^-]_{out}} \right)$$

Question 13

Which of the following is a function of the parasympathetic nervous system?

Accepted Answer

Stimulates digestion and decreases heart rate

Question 14

A patient is unable to feel pain or temperature on one side of their body. Which sensory pathway is most likely damaged?

Accepted Answer

Spinothalamic tract

Question 15

Which meningeal layer is closest to the brain surface?

Accepted Answer

Pia mater

Question 16

Which of the following best describes the function of the dorsal root of a spinal nerve?

Accepted Answer

Carries sensory information toward the spinal cord

Question 17

Which cranial nerve is responsible for transmitting auditory and equilibrium information from the inner ear to the brain?

Accepted Answer

Vestibulocochlear nerve (CN VIII)

Question 18

Which of the following best explains why demyelinating diseases, such as multiple sclerosis, slow down nerve impulse conduction?

Accepted Answer

They disrupt saltatory conduction by damaging myelin sheaths

Question 19

Which functional area of the cerebral cortex is primarily responsible for voluntary movement of skeletal muscles?

Accepted Answer

Primary motor cortex

AHS 131 Lecture Exam #4 Review Guidance (Neuroanatomy & Physiology)

Study Guide - Practice Questions

Study Guide - Flashcards