Question 1

Which of the following best describes the structural organization of the plasma membrane in human cells?

Accepted Answer

A phospholipid bilayer with hydrophilic heads facing outward and hydrophobic tails facing inward.

Question 2

A cell placed in a hypertonic solution will:

Accepted Answer

Lose water and shrink.

Question 3

Which membrane junction allows ions and small molecules to pass directly from one cell to another, facilitating rapid communication?

Accepted Answer

Gap junctions

Question 4

Which organelle is primarily responsible for ATP production in eukaryotic cells?

Accepted Answer

Mitochondria

Question 5

A patient with Cystic Fibrosis has thick mucus in the lungs and digestive tract. Which cellular structure is most directly affected, leading to these symptoms?

Accepted Answer

Cilia

Question 6

Which of the following is TRUE regarding passive transport across the plasma membrane?

Accepted Answer

It includes processes such as simple diffusion, osmosis, and facilitated diffusion.

Question 7

During protein synthesis, which process occurs in the nucleus and results in the formation of mRNA from a DNA template?

Accepted Answer

Transcription

Question 8

Given the DNA sequence: $$	ext{TAC-GGA-CTT}$$, what is the corresponding mRNA sequence produced during transcription?

Accepted Answer

$$	ext{AUG-GGA-CUU}$$

Question 9

Which cellular process involves the engulfment of large particles, such as bacteria, by the cell using pseudopods?

Accepted Answer

Phagocytosis

Question 10

Which cytoskeletal component is most important for maintaining cell shape and resisting mechanical stress?

Accepted Answer

Intermediate filaments

Question 11

A cell is actively transporting sodium ions out of the cytoplasm against their concentration gradient. Which equation best represents the energy requirement for this process?

Accepted Answer

$$\Delta G \u003e 0$$

Question 12

Which of the following best describes the function of the Golgi apparatus in protein processing?

Accepted Answer

Modifies, sorts, and packages proteins received from the rough ER.

Question 13

During late pregnancy, the Casein gene is activated in mammary gland cells. Which hormone initiates this process, leading to the exocytosis of Casein protein into milk?

Accepted Answer

Prolactin

Question 14

Which stage of the cell cycle is characterized by DNA replication?

Accepted Answer

S-phase

Question 15

Which of the following is NOT a function of membrane proteins?

Accepted Answer

Forming the phospholipid bilayer

Question 16

Which cell type is specialized for transmitting electrical impulses?

Accepted Answer

Neuron

Question 17

Which of the following best describes the process of facilitated diffusion?

Accepted Answer

Movement of molecules through the membrane via carrier proteins, without energy input.

Question 18

During mitosis, which stage is characterized by the alignment of chromosomes along the cell's equator?

Accepted Answer

Metaphase

Question 19

Which of the following statements about the glycocalyx is correct?

Accepted Answer

It is a layer of carbohydrates attached to the plasma membrane that aids in cell recognition.

Question 20

A cell undergoing receptor-mediated endocytosis is most likely to:

Accepted Answer

Internalize specific molecules after binding to cell surface receptors.

Anatomy & Physiology 1 – Exam 2 Review: Step-by-Step Study Guidance

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