Q: If the hydrostatic pressure in a capillary is $$35\ \text{mmHg}$$ and the colloid osmotic pressure is $$25\ \text{mmHg}$$, what is the net filtration pressure ($$NFP) $$favoring filtration out of the capillary?

$$NFP = 35\ \text{mmHg} - 25\ \text{mmHg} = 10\ \text{mmHg}$$

Question 1

Which structural feature distinguishes arteries from veins and is most responsible for their ability to withstand higher blood pressures?

Accepted Answer

Thicker tunica media composed primarily of smooth muscle

Question 2

A patient is experiencing increased peripheral resistance due to vasoconstriction. Which equation best describes the relationship between blood flow ($$F$$), pressure difference ($$\Delta P$$), and resistance ($$R$$)?

Accepted Answer

$$F = \frac{\Delta P}{R}$$

Question 3

Which of the following best explains why blood velocity is lowest in the capillaries?

Accepted Answer

Capillaries have the greatest total cross-sectional area

Question 4

During vigorous exercise, which mechanism assists most in the return of venous blood to the heart?

Accepted Answer

Skeletal muscle contraction compresses veins, propelling blood toward the heart

Question 5

Which of the following is a direct effect of the baroreceptor reflex when blood pressure drops suddenly?

Accepted Answer

Increased heart rate and vasoconstriction to restore blood pressure

Question 6

Which type of capillary is most likely to be found in the liver, allowing large molecules and cells to pass through?

Accepted Answer

Sinusoidal capillaries

Question 7

If the hydrostatic pressure in a capillary is $$35\ 	ext{mmHg}$$ and the colloid osmotic pressure is $$25\ 	ext{mmHg}$$, what is the net filtration pressure ($$NFP) $$favoring filtration out of the capillary?

Accepted Answer

$$NFP = 35\ 	ext{mmHg} - 25\ 	ext{mmHg} = 10\ 	ext{mmHg}$$

Question 8

Which plasma protein is primarily responsible for maintaining colloid osmotic pressure and is produced in the liver?

Accepted Answer

Albumin

Question 9

A patient with chronic kidney disease has decreased erythropoietin production. What is the most likely consequence?

Accepted Answer

Reduced erythrocyte production leading to anemia

Question 10

Which leukocyte is most abundant in normal blood and is primarily responsible for phagocytosis of bacteria?

Accepted Answer

Neutrophil

Question 11

Which process describes the formation of platelets from megakaryocytes?

Accepted Answer

Fragmentation of megakaryocyte cytoplasm into platelets

Question 12

During hemostasis, which step involves the conversion of fibrinogen to fibrin?

Accepted Answer

Coagulation phase

Question 13

Which pathway is initiated by tissue factor released from damaged tissue and leads to rapid clot formation?

Accepted Answer

Extrinsic pathway

Question 14

A patient with blood type O- receives blood from a donor with blood type AB+. What is the most likely outcome?

Accepted Answer

Transfusion reaction due to anti-A, anti-B, and anti-Rh antibodies attacking donor cells

Question 15

Which blood type is considered the universal recipient, and why?

Accepted Answer

AB+; because it has all major antigens and lacks anti-A, anti-B, and anti-Rh antibodies

Question 16

Which of the following best describes the difference in antibody development between anti-Rh and anti-A/anti-B antibodies?

Accepted Answer

Anti-Rh antibodies develop only after exposure to Rh antigen, while anti-A and anti-B antibodies are present from birth

Question 17

Which equation correctly represents the calculation of mean arterial pressure ($$MAP) $$given systolic ($$SP) $$and diastolic ($$DP) $$pressures?

Accepted Answer

$$MAP = DP + \frac{1}{3}(SP - DP)$$

Question 18

Which hormone increases blood pressure by promoting sodium and water retention in the kidneys?

Accepted Answer

Aldosterone

Question 19

A patient with a deficiency in fibrinogen would most likely experience which of the following?

Accepted Answer

Impaired blood clot formation

Question 20

Which leukocyte is primarily involved in allergic reactions and defense against parasitic infections?

Accepted Answer

Eosinophil

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