Question 1

A patient is given an intravenous solution that is hypotonic relative to their red blood cells. What is the most likely outcome for the red blood cells, and which membrane transport process is primarily responsible?

Accepted Answer

The cells will swell and may burst due to osmosis.

Question 2

Which organelle is responsible for packaging proteins into vesicles for secretion, and what is the main function of this process?

Accepted Answer

Golgi apparatus; prepares proteins for export from the cell.

Question 3

A biopsy of a blood vessel reveals a single layer of flat cells lining the lumen. Which tissue type is this, and what is its primary function?

Accepted Answer

Simple squamous endothelium; allows rapid diffusion of gases and nutrients.

Question 4

Which of the following best describes the function of the mitochondrion, and what structural feature supports this function?

Accepted Answer

Produces ATP; has cristae to increase surface area for energy reactions.

Question 5

A scientist observes a cell engulfing a bacterium by surrounding it with its plasma membrane. Which process is occurring, and is it active or passive?

Accepted Answer

Phagocytosis; active transport.

Question 6

During a kidney function test, filtration is observed to occur due to hydrostatic pressure. Which type of membrane transport is this, and what is the driving force?

Accepted Answer

Passive transport; hydrostatic pressure.

Question 7

A cross-section divides the body into superior and inferior parts. What is the name of this plane, and which direction does it run?

Accepted Answer

Transverse plane; runs horizontally.

Question 8

Which serous membrane lines the abdominopelvic cavity, and what is its primary function?

Accepted Answer

Peritoneum; reduces friction between abdominal organs.

Question 9

A patient has a tumor located in the left upper quadrant of the abdomen. Which organ is most likely affected?

Accepted Answer

Stomach

Question 10

Which of the following best describes the function of the thyroid gland?

Accepted Answer

Regulates metabolism, growth, and calcium balance via hormone secretion.

Question 11

A cell is observed to release substances to the extracellular environment by fusing vesicles with the plasma membrane. Which process is this, and does it require energy?

Accepted Answer

Exocytosis; requires ATP.

Question 12

Which directional term describes a structure that is closer to the trunk of the body?

Accepted Answer

Proximal

Question 13

A patient is diagnosed with a pleural effusion. Which organ system is directly affected, and what is the function of the pleura?

Accepted Answer

Respiratory system; pleura reduces friction around the lungs.

Question 14

Which process allows water to move across a semipermeable membrane from an area of low solute concentration to high solute concentration, and what is the equation for osmotic pressure?

Accepted Answer

Osmosis; $ \Pi = iMRT $

Question 15

Which of the following is a function of the cytoskeleton in eukaryotic cells?

Accepted Answer

Provides structural support and enables intracellular transport.

Question 16

A tissue sample from the urinary bladder shows cells that can stretch and return to their original shape. Which epithelial type is this, and what is its function?

Accepted Answer

Transitional epithelium; allows stretching and recoiling.

Question 17

Which region of the abdominopelvic cavity is most superior and medial, and which major organ is located here?

Accepted Answer

Epigastric region; contains part of the stomach.

Question 18

Which of the following best describes the function of microvilli in epithelial tissues?

Accepted Answer

Increase surface area for absorption.

Question 19

A neuron transmits a signal rapidly from the brain to the hand. Which organ system is responsible, and what is the main characteristic of this system?

Accepted Answer

Nervous system; fast, electrical homeostatic control.

Question 20

Which of the following is an example of an active transport process that moves liquids into a cell?

Accepted Answer

Pinocytosis

Anatomy & Physiology: Cell Structure, Body Organization, and Organ Systems Study Guide

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