Question 1

Which organelle is primarily responsible for producing ATP through cellular respiration, and what is the main equation for this process?

Accepted Answer

Mitochondrion; $C_6H_{12}O_6 + 6O_2 \rightarrow 6CO_2 + 6H_2O + ATP$

Question 2

A patient has a genetic defect affecting the Na$^+$/K$^+$ pump in their cell membranes. Which of the following consequences is most likely to occur?

Accepted Answer

Impaired maintenance of resting membrane potential

Question 3

During protein synthesis, which type of RNA brings amino acids to the ribosome, and what is the process called?

Accepted Answer

tRNA; translation

Question 4

Which tissue type is characterized by cells embedded in a matrix and is responsible for support, binding, and transport?

Accepted Answer

Connective tissue

Question 5

A burn patient presents with blisters and damage to both the epidermis and part of the dermis. What degree of burn is this, and which skin layer is primarily affected?

Accepted Answer

Second degree; papillary dermis

Question 6

Which of the following best describes the process of cytokinesis?

Accepted Answer

Division of the cytoplasm to form two daughter cells

Question 7

Which layer of the epidermis is responsible for mitosis and regeneration of new skin cells?

Accepted Answer

Stratum basale

Question 8

A patient with a mutation in their keratinocyte cells would most likely have problems with which function?

Accepted Answer

Producing keratin for skin protection

Question 9

Which connective tissue type is most likely to be found in tendons and ligaments, and what is its main characteristic?

Accepted Answer

Dense regular connective tissue; parallel collagen fibers

Question 10

Which gland type secretes hormones directly into the bloodstream, and what is an example of such a gland?

Accepted Answer

Endocrine; thyroid gland

Question 11

Which of the following is a function of the Golgi apparatus in a cell?

Accepted Answer

Modification and packaging of proteins and lipids

Question 12

A patient with a third-degree burn will most likely experience which of the following symptoms?

Accepted Answer

Gray/black coloration and lack of pain due to nerve destruction

Question 13

Which type of skin cancer is the most dangerous and highly metastatic?

Accepted Answer

Melanoma

Question 14

Which process describes the synthesis of mRNA from DNA in the nucleus?

Accepted Answer

Transcription

Question 15

Which membrane type lines body cavities that open to the exterior, such as the digestive and respiratory tracts?

Accepted Answer

Mucous membrane

Question 16

Which of the following best explains why cardiac and nervous tissue repair is limited after injury?

Accepted Answer

They are mostly replaced by scar tissue due to poor regenerative capacity

Question 17

Which of the following is a function of the smooth endoplasmic reticulum (ER)?

Accepted Answer

Lipid synthesis and detoxification

Question 18

Which cell type in the epidermis is responsible for immune defense?

Accepted Answer

Langerhans/dendritic cells

Question 19

Which of the following best describes the function of rRNA in protein synthesis?

Accepted Answer

Helps assemble proteins as part of the ribosome

Question 20

A tissue sample shows cells with a single layer of tall, column-shaped cells. Which epithelial classification does this represent?

Accepted Answer

Simple columnar epithelium

Anatomy & Physiology: Cell Structure, Tissues, Integument, and Pathology Study Notes

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