Question 1

Which of the following best describes the difference between facilitated diffusion and simple diffusion across a cell membrane?

Accepted Answer

Facilitated diffusion uses membrane proteins to transport molecules down their concentration gradient, while simple diffusion does not require proteins.

Question 2

A patient is experiencing symptoms of hypothyroidism. Which of the following hormone levels would you expect to be elevated as a result of negative feedback?

Accepted Answer

Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)

Question 3

Which equation correctly represents the Nernst equation for calculating the equilibrium potential ($E_{ion}$) of an ion across a membrane?

Accepted Answer

$E_{ion} = \frac{RT}{zF} \ln \left( \frac{[ion]_{out}}{[ion]_{in}} \right)$

Question 4

Which of the following is NOT a function of mitochondria in human cells?

Accepted Answer

Synthesis of steroid hormones

Question 5

A cell is placed in a solution with a higher concentration of solutes than its cytoplasm. What type of solution is this, and what will happen to the cell?

Accepted Answer

Hypertonic; the cell will shrink.

Question 6

Which of the following best describes the role of a second messenger in cell signaling?

Accepted Answer

It amplifies the signal inside the cell after the receptor is activated.

Question 7

Which hormone is released by the anterior pituitary and stimulates the thyroid gland to produce thyroid hormones?

Accepted Answer

Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)

Question 8

Which of the following is a correct description of the difference between a unipolar and a multipolar neuron?

Accepted Answer

Unipolar neurons have a single process extending from the cell body, while multipolar neurons have one axon and multiple dendrites.

Question 9

Which of the following best explains the effect of insulin-like growth factors (IGFs) on blood glucose levels?

Accepted Answer

IGFs decrease blood glucose by promoting glucose uptake in tissues.

Question 10

Which of the following is a correct example of negative feedback in endocrine regulation?

Accepted Answer

High levels of cortisol inhibit the release of corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) from the hypothalamus.

Question 11

Which of the following best describes the function of carrier proteins in the cell membrane?

Accepted Answer

They bind specific molecules and change shape to transport them across the membrane.

Question 12

Which of the following is a correct statement about the sodium-potassium pump ($Na^+/K^+$ ATPase)?

Accepted Answer

It moves 3 $Na^+$ ions out of the cell and 2 $K^+$ ions into the cell per ATP hydrolyzed.

Question 13

A patient presents with low blood calcium levels. Which hormone is most likely to be elevated in response?

Accepted Answer

Parathyroid hormone (PTH)

Question 14

Which of the following is a correct description of the role of GHRH (growth hormone-releasing hormone)?

Accepted Answer

It stimulates the release of growth hormone from the anterior pituitary.

Question 15

Which of the following best describes the effect of somatostatin released from the hypothalamus?

Accepted Answer

It inhibits the release of growth hormone from the anterior pituitary.

Question 16

Which of the following is a correct description of the difference between endocrine and paracrine signaling?

Accepted Answer

Endocrine signaling involves hormones traveling through the bloodstream to distant target cells, while paracrine signaling involves local signaling to nearby cells.

Question 17

Which of the following best explains why a cell membrane is described as a 'fluid mosaic'?

Accepted Answer

It consists of a phospholipid bilayer with proteins and other molecules that move freely within the layer.

Question 18

Which of the following is a correct description of the role of cortisol in the stress response?

Accepted Answer

Cortisol increases blood glucose levels by stimulating gluconeogenesis.

Question 19

Which of the following best describes the function of gap junctions in cardiac muscle cells?

Accepted Answer

They allow direct electrical and chemical communication between adjacent cells.

Anatomy & Physiology: Cellular Physiology, Membrane Transport, and Endocrine System Study Guide

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