Question 1

Which of the following best describes the difference between potential and kinetic energy in the context of human physiology?

Accepted Answer

Potential energy is stored in the bonds of molecules and must be converted to kinetic energy to perform work, such as muscle contraction.

Question 2

A patient is experiencing muscle weakness due to a deficiency in potassium ions. Which physiological process is most directly affected by this deficiency?

Accepted Answer

Conduction of nerve impulses and muscle contraction, because $K^+$ is the major positive ion in cells.

Question 3

Which type of chemical bond is responsible for the formation of table salt ($NaCl$), and what is the primary force holding the ions together?

Accepted Answer

Ionic bond; electrostatic attraction between oppositely charged ions.

Question 4

Which of the following molecules is nonpolar, despite containing polar covalent bonds, due to its linear and symmetrical shape?

Accepted Answer

Carbon dioxide ($CO_2$)

Question 5

A dehydration synthesis reaction in the body is best described by which of the following equations?

Accepted Answer

$A + B \rightarrow AB$

Question 6

Which element is a component of all organic molecules and is essential for the production of cellular energy (ATP)?

Accepted Answer

Oxygen ($O$)

Question 7

Which of the following best explains why water is considered the universal solvent in the human body?

Accepted Answer

Water's polarity allows it to dissolve most substances, facilitating chemical reactions and transport.

Question 8

During cellular respiration, glucose ($C_6H_{12}O_6$) is oxidized and oxygen ($O_2$) is reduced. Which type of chemical reaction does this represent?

Accepted Answer

Oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction

Question 9

Which of the following statements about hydrogen bonds is correct?

Accepted Answer

Hydrogen bonds are individually weak but collectively strong, and they influence the behavior of water molecules.

Question 10

A solution contains molecules that do not dissolve in water. Which type of covalent bond do these molecules most likely contain?

Accepted Answer

Nonpolar covalent bonds

Question 11

Which of the following factors will increase the rate of a chemical reaction in the human body?

Accepted Answer

Increasing temperature, increasing reactant concentration, and decreasing particle size

Question 12

Which of the following is a trace element required for the synthesis of functional thyroid hormones?

Accepted Answer

Iodine ($I$)

Question 13

Which of the following best describes a reversible chemical reaction?

Accepted Answer

A reaction that can proceed in both directions, reaching equilibrium with no net change in reactant or product concentrations.

Question 14

Which subatomic particle determines the atomic number of an element?

Accepted Answer

Proton

Question 15

Which of the following is an example of mechanical energy in the human body?

Accepted Answer

Muscle contraction for walking

Question 16

Which of the following best describes the octet rule as it applies to atoms in the human body?

Accepted Answer

Atoms tend to gain, lose, or share electrons to achieve eight electrons in their outermost shell.

Question 17

Which of the following is a correct molecular formula for glucose, galactose, and fructose, which are isomers?

Accepted Answer

$C_6H_{12}O_6$

Question 18

Which type of energy is measured as the temperature of an object and is usually not available to do work in the human body?

Accepted Answer

Heat (energy of electromagnetic waves)

Question 19

Which of the following best describes an exergonic reaction in the context of metabolism?

Accepted Answer

A reaction in which reactants have more energy than products, resulting in a net release of energy.

Question 20

Which of the following is true regarding catalysts in physiological reactions?

Accepted Answer

Catalysts decrease the activation energy required for reactions, increasing the rate of product formation.

Anatomy & Physiology Chapter 2: Chemistry Comes Alive – Study Notes

Study Guide - Practice Questions

Study Guide - Flashcards