Q: Which equation is used to calculate the equilibrium potential for an ion across a membrane?

The Nernst equation: $$E = \frac{61}{z} \log \left( \frac{[\text{ion}]_{\text{out}}}{[\text{ion}]_{\text{in}}} \right)$$

Question 1

Which of the following best describes the role of the integrating center in a reflex pathway?

Accepted Answer

It receives input signals, processes them, and determines the appropriate response.

Question 2

A patient is exposed to a hypertonic solution. What will happen to their red blood cells, and why?

Accepted Answer

The cells will shrink because water moves out of the cells.

Question 3

Which equation is used to calculate the equilibrium potential for an ion across a membrane?

Accepted Answer

The Nernst equation: $$E = \frac{61}{z} \log \left( \frac{[	ext{ion}]_{	ext{out}}}{[	ext{ion}]_{	ext{in}}} ight)$$

Question 4

Which of the following is TRUE regarding facilitated diffusion?

Accepted Answer

It uses carrier proteins to move molecules down their concentration gradient.

Question 5

A scientist wants to test the hypothesis: 'Cold temperatures cause birds to eat more.' Which is the independent variable in this experiment?

Accepted Answer

The temperature at which the birds are kept.

Question 6

Which type of cell junction allows direct cytoplasmic communication between adjacent cells?

Accepted Answer

Gap junctions

Question 7

If a cell membrane is freely permeable to both solutes and water, what will happen when two compartments with different osmolarities are separated by this membrane?

Accepted Answer

Both solutes and water will move until their concentrations are equal on both sides.

Question 8

Which of the following is a function of the extracellular matrix (ECM)?

Accepted Answer

It provides structural stability and mechanical properties to tissues.

Question 9

Which process is responsible for the release of neurotransmitters from neurons?

Accepted Answer

Exocytosis mediated by calcium ($$\mathrm{Ca$$^{2+}$$}) $$influx

Question 10

Which of the following best describes the difference between a channel and a carrier protein?

Accepted Answer

Channels form a continuous open pore, while carriers never form an open connection between both sides of the membrane.

Question 11

Which type of tissue is responsible for internal communication within the body?

Accepted Answer

Nervous tissue

Question 12

Which of the following is an example of primary active transport?

Accepted Answer

Na$$^+/K$^+$$ ATPase pump

Question 13

A hormone that cannot exert its effect unless a second hormone is present is demonstrating which type of interaction?

Accepted Answer

Permissiveness

Question 14

Which of the following is TRUE about the sodium-glucose linked transporter (SGLT)?

Accepted Answer

It uses the sodium gradient established by Na$$^+/K$^+$$ ATPase to co-transport glucose into the cell.

Question 15

Which of the following is a correct application of Fick's Law of Diffusion?

Accepted Answer

Increasing the concentration gradient will increase the rate of diffusion.

Question 16

Which of the following best describes an antagonist in receptor signaling?

Accepted Answer

A chemical that binds to a receptor and blocks its activity.

Question 17

Which hormone classification is based on being derived from a single amino acid?

Accepted Answer

Amine hormone

Question 18

A patient has a mutation that prevents the formation of tight junctions in their intestinal epithelium. What is the most likely consequence?

Accepted Answer

Increased leakage of materials between cells

Question 19

Which of the following is a direct result of failure to maintain homeostasis in the body?

Accepted Answer

Pathophysiology leading to illness or death

Question 20

Which of the following best explains why the resting membrane potential of most cells is close to the potassium equilibrium potential?

Accepted Answer

The cell membrane is most permeable to potassium ions.

Anatomy & Physiology Exam 1 Review: Homeostasis, Physiology, Cells, and Tissues

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