Q: Calculate the percentage of white blood cells (WBC) in a blood sample if the hematocrit (Ht) is 45% and the WBC count is 1% of total blood volume.

$$\frac{1}{100} \times 100 = 1\%$$

Question 1

A patient presents with edema due to low plasma protein levels. Which plasma protein is primarily responsible for maintaining osmotic pressure and preventing fluid loss from the blood into tissues?

Accepted Answer

Albumin

Question 2

Which of the following best describes the role of vitamin K in the coagulation process?

Accepted Answer

It is required for the synthesis of several clotting factors in the liver.

Question 3

A blood sample shows the following results: anti-A serum causes agglutination, anti-B serum does not, and anti-Rh serum causes agglutination. What is the ABO and Rh blood type of this individual?

Accepted Answer

Type A+

Question 4

Which of the following is the correct sequence for the common pathway of coagulation?

Accepted Answer

Activation of factor X $$\rightarrow$$ conversion of prothrombin to thrombin $$\rightarrow$$ conversion of fibrinogen to fibrin

Question 5

A patient receives a transfusion of type A blood but is type B. What is the most likely outcome?

Accepted Answer

The patient’s anti-A antibodies will attack the transfused A blood cells, causing agglutination and hemolysis.

Question 6

Which of the following best differentiates between innate and adaptive immunity?

Accepted Answer

Innate immunity responds quickly and lacks memory, while adaptive immunity is slower but has immunological memory.

Question 7

Which cell type is responsible for cell-mediated immunity and directly destroys infected or cancerous cells?

Accepted Answer

T lymphocytes (specifically cytotoxic T cells)

Question 8

Calculate the percentage of white blood cells (WBC) in a blood sample if the hematocrit (Ht) is 45% and the WBC count is 1% of total blood volume.

Accepted Answer

$$\frac{1}{100} 	imes 100 = 1\%$$

Question 9

Which lymphatic organ is essential for the maturation of T cells?

Accepted Answer

Thymus

Question 10

A patient with cirrhosis of the liver is likely to have which of the following effects on blood homeostasis?

Accepted Answer

Decreased plasma protein synthesis leading to impaired osmotic balance

Question 11

Which of the following is a function of the lymphatic system?

Accepted Answer

Absorption of dietary fats from the small intestine

Question 12

Which of the following best describes the process of lymph formation?

Accepted Answer

Excess interstitial fluid is collected from tissues and returned to the blood via the lymphatic system.

Question 13

Which of the following statements about the feedback loop in erythropoiesis is correct?

Accepted Answer

Low oxygen levels stimulate the kidneys to release erythropoietin, which increases RBC production.

Question 14

Which of the following is the correct order of the life cycle of a red blood cell (RBC)?

Accepted Answer

Production in bone marrow $$\rightarrow$$ circulation $$\rightarrow$$ removal by spleen and liver

Question 15

Which of the following best explains the difference between thrombosis and embolism?

Accepted Answer

Thrombosis is the formation of a clot within a blood vessel; embolism is the movement of a clot to another location.

Question 16

Which of the following is true regarding the agglutination reaction in the ABO blood system?

Accepted Answer

Agglutination occurs when antibodies bind to antigens on foreign RBCs, causing them to clump.

Question 17

Which of the following is a major function of the spleen?

Accepted Answer

Removal of old erythrocytes and pathogens from the blood

Question 18

A patient’s blood test shows a high percentage of lymphocytes and low neutrophils. Which condition is most likely indicated?

Accepted Answer

Viral infection

Question 19

Which of the following best describes the role of MHC class I molecules in immunity?

Accepted Answer

They present antigens to cytotoxic T cells, allowing recognition and destruction of infected cells.

Anatomy & Physiology Exam 1 Study Guide: Blood, Lymphatic System, and Immunity

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