Question 1

Which of the following best describes a negative feedback system in human physiology?

Accepted Answer

A process that reverses a deviation from the set point to maintain homeostasis.

Question 2

A patient is experiencing dehydration. Which feedback mechanism is most likely to be activated to restore fluid balance?

Accepted Answer

Negative feedback, stimulating thirst and water retention.

Question 3

Which of the following correctly matches the chemical bond with its description?

Accepted Answer

Hydrogen bond: weak attraction between a hydrogen atom and an electronegative atom

Question 4

Given that a sulfur atom has 6 electrons in its outer shell, use the octet rule to determine how many covalent bonds it can form. What is the correct answer and the formula used?

Accepted Answer

2; $8 - 6 = 2$

Question 5

A researcher uses radioactive isotopes to trace glucose metabolism in cancer cells. Why are radioactive isotopes effective for this purpose?

Accepted Answer

They are chemically identical to stable isotopes and can be detected due to their radioactivity.

Question 6

Which of the following best describes the structure of DNA?

Accepted Answer

Double helix; nucleotide

Question 7

According to cell theory, which statement is correct?

Accepted Answer

Cells arise from the division of pre-existing cells.

Question 8

A mutation disrupts the function of the Golgi apparatus in a cell. Which process would be most directly affected?

Accepted Answer

Modification and packaging of proteins for secretion

Question 9

Which of the following best describes the function of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER)?

Accepted Answer

It synthesizes proteins and lipids and transports them within the cell.

Question 10

A cell is placed in a hypotonic solution. Predict what will happen to the cell and explain using the concept of osmosis.

Accepted Answer

Water will move into the cell, causing it to swell and possibly burst, due to osmosis.

Question 11

Which of the following is a characteristic of epithelial tissue?

Accepted Answer

It covers body surfaces and lines cavities.

Question 12

A patient has a genetic disorder affecting tight junctions in epithelial cells. Which of the following symptoms is most likely?

Accepted Answer

Increased leakage of substances between cells in epithelial layers.

Question 13

Which of the following best explains why enzymes are specific to their substrates?

Accepted Answer

The active site of an enzyme has a unique shape that fits only specific substrates.

Question 14

A scientist is studying the hydrolysis of sucrose. Which equation correctly represents this reaction?

Accepted Answer

$C_{12}H_{22}O_{11} + H_2O \rightarrow C_6H_{12}O_6 + C_6H_{12}O_6$

Question 15

Which of the following is NOT a function of the plasma membrane?

Accepted Answer

Synthesizing proteins for export.

Question 16

A cell is unable to maintain its internal environment due to a malfunction in its transport vesicles. Which process is most likely impaired?

Accepted Answer

Movement of molecules between organelles and the plasma membrane.

Question 17

Which of the following best describes the difference between isotonic, hypotonic, and hypertonic solutions?

Accepted Answer

Isotonic: no net water movement; Hypotonic: water enters the cell; Hypertonic: water leaves the cell.

Question 18

Which of the following is a basic characteristic of connective tissue?

Accepted Answer

It contains cells embedded in an extracellular matrix.

Question 19

A patient with a mutation in the gene coding for collagen would most likely have defects in which tissue type?

Accepted Answer

Connective tissue

Question 20

Which of the following best explains why malignant cells are dangerous?

Accepted Answer

They divide uncontrollably and can invade other tissues.

Anatomy & Physiology Exam 1 Study Guide: Core Concepts and Systems

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