Question 1

Which cranial nerve is responsible for transmitting visual information from the retina to the brain, and what is its fiber type?

Accepted Answer

Optic nerve (CN II); sensory fibers

Question 2

A patient presents with loss of sensation in the lateral forearm. Which peripheral nerve is most likely affected, and which spinal nerves contribute to its formation?

Accepted Answer

Musculocutaneous nerve; C5-C7

Question 3

Compare the sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions of the autonomic nervous system. Which statement is correct regarding their neurotransmitters at the target organ?

Accepted Answer

Sympathetic uses norepinephrine; parasympathetic uses acetylcholine

Question 4

During close vision, which changes occur in the eye to focus light on the retina?

Accepted Answer

Ciliary muscles contract, lens becomes more convex

Question 5

A person with hyperopia (farsightedness) has difficulty seeing objects up close. Which anatomical change is most likely responsible?

Accepted Answer

Eyeball is too short, causing light to focus behind the retina

Question 6

Which pathway correctly describes the transmission of visual information from the retina to the visual cortex?

Accepted Answer

Retina → Optic nerve → Optic chiasm → Optic tract → Lateral geniculate nucleus → Visual cortex

Question 7

A patient is diagnosed with conduction deafness. Which of the following best explains the underlying cause?

Accepted Answer

Impaired transmission of sound waves through the external or middle ear

Question 8

Which equation best represents the relationship between frequency ($$f$$), wavelength ($$\lambda$$), and speed of sound ($$v) in $$the transmission of sound waves?

Accepted Answer

$$v = f 	imes \lambda$$

Question 9

Which cranial nerve exits the skull through the jugular foramen and is involved in both swallowing and taste sensation from the posterior third of the tongue?

Accepted Answer

Glossopharyngeal nerve (CN IX)

Question 10

Which spinal nerves contribute to the formation of the femoral nerve, and what is its primary function?

Accepted Answer

L2-L4; motor innervation to anterior thigh muscles

Question 11

Which of the following best describes the difference between sensory and conduction deafness?

Accepted Answer

Sensory deafness is due to damage to the inner ear or neural pathways; conduction deafness is due to impaired transmission of sound waves

Question 12

Blood entering the right atrium of the heart is:

Accepted Answer

Deoxygenated

Question 13

Which organ is responsible for filtering blood and producing urine, as shown in Fig 21.8?

Accepted Answer

Kidney

Question 14

A patient has a lesion affecting the left optic tract. Which visual field deficit would most likely result?

Accepted Answer

Loss of vision in the right visual field of both eyes

Question 15

Which cranial nerve is responsible for motor innervation to the muscles of facial expression and exits the skull via the stylomastoid foramen?

Accepted Answer

Facial nerve (CN VII)

Question 16

Which equation represents the calculation of cardiac output ($$CO) $$given heart rate ($$HR) $$and stroke volume ($$SV$$)?

Accepted Answer

$$CO = HR 	imes SV$$

Question 17

Which peripheral nerve provides cutaneous innervation to the lateral leg and dorsum of the foot, and which spinal nerves contribute to its formation?

Accepted Answer

Common fibular (peroneal) nerve; L4-S2

Question 18

Which cranial nerve is involved in both parasympathetic innervation to thoracic and abdominal organs and exits the skull via the jugular foramen?

Accepted Answer

Vagus nerve (CN X)

Question 19

A patient with damage to the ciliary muscles would most likely have difficulty with which visual function?

Accepted Answer

Focusing on near objects (accommodation)

Anatomy & Physiology Exam 3: Short Answer Focus Study Guide

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