$GFR = K_f \times [(P_{GC} - P_{BS}) - (\pi_{GC} - \pi_{BS})]$

Question 1

Which of the following best describes the primary function of the coronary circulation in the heart?

Accepted Answer

To supply oxygenated blood to the myocardium for metabolic needs

Question 2

A patient presents with a blood pH of 7.2. Which buffer system is most responsible for immediate compensation?

Accepted Answer

The bicarbonate buffer system ($\mathrm{HCO_3^-}$ and $\mathrm{H_2CO_3}$)

Question 3

Which of the following best explains the Frank-Starling law of the heart?

Accepted Answer

Increased ventricular filling leads to increased stroke volume due to optimal actin-myosin overlap

Question 4

A person is exposed to high altitude. Which physiological response is most likely to occur to maintain oxygen delivery?

Accepted Answer

Increased erythropoietin secretion leading to higher red blood cell production

Question 5

Which equation best represents cardiac output ($CO$)?

Accepted Answer

$CO = HR 	imes SV$

Question 6

A patient with liver failure is at risk for bleeding due to impaired synthesis of which blood component?

Accepted Answer

Clotting factors (such as fibrinogen and prothrombin)

Question 7

Which of the following is the correct sequence of events in the inflammatory response?

Accepted Answer

Vasodilation, increased vascular permeability, leukocyte migration, phagocytosis

Question 8

Which of the following best describes the role of the lymphatic system in immunity?

Accepted Answer

It transports lymphocytes and filters pathogens through lymph nodes

Question 9

During quiet inspiration, which muscles are primarily responsible for increasing thoracic volume?

Accepted Answer

Diaphragm and external intercostals

Question 10

Which formula correctly calculates glomerular filtration rate ($GFR$)?

Accepted Answer

$GFR = K_f 	imes [(P_{GC} - P_{BS}) - (\pi_{GC} - \pi_{BS})]$

Question 11

A patient is unable to absorb vitamin B12 due to loss of intrinsic factor. Which organ is most likely affected?

Accepted Answer

Stomach

Question 12

Which of the following best describes the function of surfactant in the lungs?

Accepted Answer

It reduces alveolar surface tension, preventing collapse during expiration

Question 13

Which hormone is primarily responsible for stimulating the reabsorption of water in the collecting ducts of the kidney?

Accepted Answer

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

Question 14

Which process in the digestive system is most directly responsible for the breakdown of proteins into amino acids?

Accepted Answer

Enzymatic hydrolysis by pepsin and trypsin

Question 15

Which of the following is a correct description of the Bohr effect?

Accepted Answer

Decreased pH and increased $\mathrm{CO_2}$ lower hemoglobin's affinity for oxygen

Question 16

Which of the following is the primary function of the large intestine?

Accepted Answer

Absorption of water and electrolytes

Question 17

A patient with hyperparathyroidism is likely to have which of the following laboratory findings?

Accepted Answer

Elevated serum calcium and decreased serum phosphate

Question 18

Which of the following best describes the role of the hypothalamus in endocrine regulation?

Accepted Answer

It produces releasing and inhibiting hormones that control the anterior pituitary

Question 19

Which of the following is the correct order of events in spermatogenesis?

Accepted Answer

Spermatogonia → primary spermatocyte → secondary spermatocyte → spermatid → spermatozoa

Question 20

Which of the following best explains the role of the chemoreceptors in the regulation of respiration?

Accepted Answer

They detect changes in $\mathrm{CO_2}$, $\mathrm{O_2}$, and pH to adjust respiratory rate

Anatomy & Physiology: Final Exam Study Guide (Selected Systems)

Study Guide - Practice Questions