Question 1

Which of the following best describes the hierarchical levels of structural organization in the human body, from simplest to most complex?

Accepted Answer

Chemical level, cellular level, tissue level, organ level, organ system level, organismal level

Question 2

A patient is experiencing high blood glucose levels after a meal. Which homeostatic control mechanism is responsible for returning blood glucose to normal, and what is the sequence of events?

Accepted Answer

Negative feedback; pancreas releases insulin, causing cells to absorb glucose

Question 3

Which of the following is an example of a positive feedback mechanism in the human body?

Accepted Answer

Enhancement of labor contractions by oxytocin

Question 4

During an exergonic chemical reaction, which of the following statements is true regarding energy and the products?

Accepted Answer

Energy is released and products have less potential energy than reactants

Question 5

Which equation correctly represents dehydration synthesis of two monosaccharides to form a disaccharide?

Accepted Answer

$C_6H_{12}O_6 + C_6H_{12}O_6 \rightarrow C_{12}H_{22}O_{11} + H_2O$

Question 6

Which of the following statements about carbohydrates is correct?

Accepted Answer

Carbohydrates are composed of C, H, and O, with hydrogen and oxygen in a 2:1 ratio

Question 7

Which type of lipid is the primary component of cell membranes?

Accepted Answer

Phospholipids

Question 8

Proteins are made up of amino acids linked by which type of bond?

Accepted Answer

Peptide bond

Question 9

Which of the following best describes the function of enzymes in biological systems?

Accepted Answer

Enzymes act as biological catalysts, lowering activation energy and increasing reaction speed

Question 10

Which of the following is the correct structure of a nucleotide, the monomer of nucleic acids?

Accepted Answer

A nitrogen base, a pentose sugar, and a phosphate group

Question 11

ATP is the primary energy currency in cells. Which equation represents the hydrolysis of ATP to release energy?

Accepted Answer

$ATP + H_2O \rightarrow ADP + P_i + energy$

Question 12

Which of the following statements about the plasma membrane is correct?

Accepted Answer

The plasma membrane separates the intracellular fluid from the extracellular fluid

Question 13

Which type of membrane transport requires energy (ATP) and moves substances against their concentration gradient?

Accepted Answer

Active transport

Question 14

A red blood cell is placed in a hypotonic solution. What will happen to the cell?

Accepted Answer

It will swell and may burst (lyse) due to water gain

Question 15

Which process involves the transport of large particles into a cell via vesicles?

Accepted Answer

Endocytosis

Question 16

During mitosis, which stage ensures that each daughter cell receives a full set of duplicated DNA?

Accepted Answer

Anaphase

Question 17

Which of the following best describes the flow of genetic information from DNA to protein?

Accepted Answer

Transcription, translation

Question 18

Which muscle tissue type is voluntary and contains striations?

Accepted Answer

Skeletal muscle

Question 19

Which of the following best explains the sliding filament model of muscle contraction?

Accepted Answer

Thin filaments slide past thick filaments, increasing their overlap

Anatomy & Physiology: Foundational Concepts and Biochemistry Study Guide

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