Question 1

A patient is admitted to the hospital with severe dehydration. Which process is primarily responsible for the movement of water from the patient's blood plasma into the surrounding tissues, and what is the direction of this movement?

Accepted Answer

osmosis; from areas of low solute concentration to high solute concentration

Question 2

Which of the following best describes the plasma membrane's structure according to the fluid mosaic model?

Accepted Answer

A bilayer of phospholipids with proteins and cholesterol scattered throughout

Question 3

A person is standing in the anatomical position. Which plane would divide the body into anterior and posterior sections?

Accepted Answer

frontal (coronal) plane

Question 4

A biopsy sample from a patient's trachea reveals ciliated cells with goblet cells arranged in a single layer, but appearing stratified due to varying cell heights. Which type of epithelium is this?

Accepted Answer

pseudostratified columnar epithelium

Question 5

Which connective tissue type contains a distinctive population of cells suspended in a fluid matrix and is responsible for transporting gases and nutrients throughout the body?

Accepted Answer

blood

Question 6

A patient suffers a deep cut that penetrates through the epidermis and into the dermis. Which of the following structures will most likely be damaged?

Accepted Answer

blood vessels and nerve endings

Question 7

Which of the following is NOT a function of the integumentary system?

Accepted Answer

production of red blood cells

Question 8

A muscle cell is observed to have multiple nuclei and striations under the microscope. Which type of muscle tissue is this?

Accepted Answer

skeletal muscle

Question 9

Which of the following best explains why oxygen ($O_2$) can diffuse directly through the plasma membrane?

Accepted Answer

Oxygen is a small, nonpolar molecule that can pass through the lipid bilayer

Question 10

A patient is diagnosed with a genetic disorder that affects the production of collagen fibers. Which tissue type would be most directly affected?

Accepted Answer

connective tissue

Question 11

Which of the following best describes the function of mitochondria in a cell?

Accepted Answer

They produce ATP by breaking down glucose during cellular respiration

Question 12

A histological slide shows a tissue with cells joined by tight junctions, very little extracellular matrix, and no blood vessels. Which tissue type is most likely being observed?

Accepted Answer

epithelial tissue

Question 13

Which of the following is a major function of the Golgi apparatus in a cell?

Accepted Answer

Packaging and modifying proteins for secretion

Question 14

A patient presents with a burn that destroys both the epidermis and the entire dermis. Which of the following structures will NOT regenerate naturally in this area?

Accepted Answer

hair follicles

Question 15

Which of the following best describes the main component of both hair and nails?

Accepted Answer

keratin

Question 16

A patient is unable to sweat and is at risk for overheating. Which type of gland is most likely malfunctioning?

Accepted Answer

eccrine gland

Question 17

Which of the following best describes the function of microvilli on epithelial cells lining the small intestine?

Accepted Answer

They increase surface area to enhance absorption

Question 18

A patient is found to have a tumor in the pleural cavity. Which organ is most likely affected?

Accepted Answer

lung

Question 19

Which of the following best describes the direction of movement for sodium ions ($Na^+$) during active transport across the plasma membrane?

Accepted Answer

From low concentration to high concentration, using ATP

Question 20

A patient is unable to feel pain or temperature in a specific area of skin. Which type of cell or structure is most likely damaged?

Accepted Answer

sensory nerve endings

Anatomy & Physiology: Foundational Concepts, Cells, Tissues, and Integumentary System

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