Question 1

Which of the following best explains why water is considered a 'universal solvent' in biological systems?

Accepted Answer

Water's polarity allows it to dissolve many ionic and polar substances, facilitating chemical reactions in cells.

Question 2

A patient is experiencing acidosis, with a blood pH of 7.1. Which of the following best describes the role of a buffer in this scenario?

Accepted Answer

A buffer will absorb excess hydrogen ions ($$H^+) to $$help raise the pH toward normal.

Question 3

Which of the following best describes the relationship between monomers and polymers in biological macromolecules?

Accepted Answer

Polymers are formed by the chemical bonding of repeating monomer units through dehydration synthesis.

Question 4

A scientist is studying a cell that lacks membrane-bound organelles. Which type of cell is she most likely observing?

Accepted Answer

A prokaryotic cell

Question 5

Which of the following best describes the function of ATP in cellular metabolism?

Accepted Answer

ATP provides energy for cellular processes by releasing a phosphate group through hydrolysis: $$ATP \rightarrow ADP + P_i + energy$$

Question 6

A red blood cell is placed in a hypotonic solution. What will most likely happen to the cell, and why?

Accepted Answer

The cell will swell and possibly burst because water will move into the cell by osmosis.

Question 7

Which of the following is an example of active transport across the plasma membrane?

Accepted Answer

Sodium-potassium pump moving $$Na^+$$ and $$K^+$$ ions against their concentration gradients using ATP

Question 8

During aerobic cellular respiration, which of the following correctly summarizes the overall chemical equation?

Accepted Answer

$$C_6H_{12}O_6$ + 6O_2 \rightarrow 6CO_2 + 6H_2O + ATP$$

Question 9

Which phase of mitosis is characterized by the alignment of chromosomes along the cell's equatorial plate?

Accepted Answer

Metaphase

Question 10

A patient has a mutation that prevents the formation of tight junctions between epithelial cells. Which of the following is a likely consequence?

Accepted Answer

Increased leakage of substances between cells, compromising tissue barriers.

Question 11

Which of the following best describes the function of melanocytes in the epidermis?

Accepted Answer

They produce melanin, which protects underlying tissues from ultraviolet (UV) radiation.

Question 12

A third-degree burn is considered life-threatening primarily because:

Accepted Answer

It destroys the epidermis and dermis, leading to loss of fluids and increased risk of infection.

Question 13

Which of the following statements about bone growth at the epiphyseal plate is correct?

Accepted Answer

Bone growth in length occurs at the epiphyseal plate through endochondral ossification.

Question 14

Which of the following best describes the difference between a compound and a mixture?

Accepted Answer

A compound consists of two or more elements chemically bonded in fixed proportions, while a mixture contains substances physically combined without fixed ratios.

Question 15

Which of the following is a correct example of negative feedback in the human body?

Accepted Answer

Shivering to increase body temperature when cold.

Question 16

A patient is diagnosed with osteoporosis, a condition characterized by decreased bone density. Which of the following best explains the underlying cause?

Accepted Answer

Increased activity of osteoclasts compared to osteoblasts, leading to more bone resorption than formation.

Question 17

Which of the following best describes the function of the sodium-potassium pump in neurons?

Accepted Answer

It actively transports $$3 Na^+$$ out of the cell and $$2 K^+$$ into the cell, maintaining the resting membrane potential.

Question 18

Which of the following is a function of the rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER) in a cell?

Accepted Answer

Protein synthesis and modification due to the presence of ribosomes.

Question 19

A person is unable to sweat due to a genetic disorder. Which of the following is a likely consequence?

Accepted Answer

Impaired thermoregulation, leading to increased risk of overheating.

Anatomy and Physiology I (BIO 101) - Structured Study Notes

Study Guide - Practice Questions

Study Guide - Flashcards