Q: Which of the following equations correctly represents the Nernst equation for calculating the equilibrium potential ($$E_{ion}) $$for an ion across a membrane?

$$E_{ion} = \frac{RT}{zF} \ln \left( \frac{[\text{ion}]_{\text{outside}}}{[\text{ion}]_{\text{inside}}} \right)$$

Question 1

Which of the following best illustrates the principle of complementarity of structure and function in human anatomy?

Accepted Answer

The heart's muscular walls allow it to pump blood efficiently throughout the body.

Question 2

A patient is unable to maintain a stable internal body temperature after suffering a hypothalamic injury. Which concept does this scenario best exemplify?

Accepted Answer

Disruption of homeostasis due to impaired negative feedback.

Question 3

Which of the following correctly matches a cell organelle with its primary function?

Accepted Answer

Mitochondria: ATP production through aerobic respiration

Question 4

A red blood cell placed in a hypotonic solution will:

Accepted Answer

Gain water and swell due to osmosis.

Question 5

Which tissue type is specialized for rapid communication and control of body functions?

Accepted Answer

Nervous tissue

Question 6

A patient presents with yellowing of the skin (jaundice). Which of the following is the most likely cause?

Accepted Answer

Accumulation of bilirubin due to liver dysfunction

Question 7

Which of the following is NOT a function of bone?

Accepted Answer

Production of insulin

Question 8

A long bone grows in length primarily at the:

Accepted Answer

Epiphyseal plate

Question 9

Which of the following best describes the role of calcium ions ($$\mathrm{Ca$$^{2+}$$}) in $$skeletal muscle contraction?

Accepted Answer

They bind to troponin, causing tropomyosin to move and expose myosin-binding sites on actin.

Question 10

Which of the following equations correctly represents the Nernst equation for calculating the equilibrium potential ($$E_{ion}) $$for an ion across a membrane?

Accepted Answer

$$E_{ion} = \frac{RT}{zF} \ln \left( \frac{[	ext{ion}]_{	ext{outside}}}{[	ext{ion}]_{	ext{inside}}} ight)$$

Question 11

Which glial cell is responsible for forming the myelin sheath in the central nervous system (CNS)?

Accepted Answer

Oligodendrocyte

Question 12

A patient with Parkinson’s disease is most likely to have degeneration of neurons in which brain region?

Accepted Answer

Substantia nigra of the midbrain

Question 13

Which of the following best describes the difference between sensation and perception?

Accepted Answer

Sensation is the detection of stimuli, while perception is the interpretation of those stimuli by the brain.

Question 14

Which of the following is a correct comparison between the sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions of the autonomic nervous system?

Accepted Answer

Sympathetic division has short preganglionic and long postganglionic fibers; parasympathetic has long preganglionic and short postganglionic fibers.

Question 15

Which of the following best describes the pathway of sound conduction to the fluids of the internal ear?

Accepted Answer

Tympanic membrane → ossicles → oval window → cochlear fluids

Question 16

A person with colorblindness most likely has a deficiency in which of the following?

Accepted Answer

Cones in the retina

Question 17

Which of the following best describes the role of ATP in muscle contraction?

Accepted Answer

ATP binds to myosin, allowing it to detach from actin after the power stroke.

Question 18

Which of the following is a correct sequence for the reflex arc?

Accepted Answer

Receptor → sensory neuron → integration center → motor neuron → effector

Question 19

Which of the following best explains why saltatory conduction is faster than continuous conduction?

Accepted Answer

Action potentials jump from node to node along myelinated axons.

Anatomy and Physiology I: Comprehensive Study Notes

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