Anatomy & Physiology I: Lab Exam 1 Study Guide

Body Organization and Terminology

Body Cavities

The human body contains several major cavities that house and protect vital organs. Understanding these cavities is essential for anatomical orientation.

• Cranial cavity: Contains the brain.

• Vertebral (spinal) cavity: Encloses the spinal cord.

• Thoracic cavity: Houses the heart and lungs; subdivided into pleural cavities (lungs) and the pericardial cavity (heart).

• Abdominopelvic cavity: Contains digestive, urinary, and reproductive organs; subdivided into abdominal and pelvic cavities.

Regional Terms

Regional terms are used to specify areas of the body, aiding in precise anatomical communication.

• Sacral: Region between the hips (sacrum)

• Gluteal: Buttock

• Lumbar: Lower back

• Thoracic: Chest

• Cervical: Neck

• Oral: Mouth

• Mental: Chin

• Crural: Leg (lower)

• Sural: Calf

• Otic: Ear

• Axillary: Armpit

• Femoral: Thigh

• Buccal: Cheek

• Brachial: Arm

• Antecubital: Front of elbow

• Antebrachial: Forearm

• Abdominal: Abdomen

• Umbilical: Navel

• Inguinal: Groin

• Scapular: Shoulder blade

• Patellar: Kneecap

• Popliteal: Back of knee

• Frontal: Forehead

• Occipital: Back of head

• Sternal: Breastbone

• Digital: Fingers or toes

• Carpal: Wrist

• Tarsal: Ankle

• Orbital: Eye socket

• Palmar: Palm

• Plantar: Sole of foot

Nine Regions of the Abdomen

The abdomen is divided into nine regions for anatomical study and clinical reference.

• Right hypochondriac

• Epigastric

• Left hypochondriac

• Right lumbar

• Umbilical

• Left lumbar

• Right iliac (inguinal)

• Hypogastric (pubic)

• Left iliac (inguinal)

Example: The appendix is typically located in the right iliac region.

Integumentary System

Skin Structure

The skin is the largest organ of the body and consists of multiple layers and associated structures.

• Epidermis: Outermost layer, provides protection.

• Dermis: Deeper layer, contains blood vessels, nerves, and glands.

• Sebaceous gland: Produces sebum (oil) for lubrication.

• Sudoriferous gland: Sweat gland, involved in thermoregulation.

• Arrector pili muscle: Small muscle attached to hair follicle; causes 'goosebumps.'

Nail Anatomy

• Eponychium: Cuticle; protects the area between the skin and the nail.

• Hyponychium: Skin under the free edge of the nail.

• Free edge: Part of the nail that extends beyond the finger or toe.

• Lunula: Crescent-shaped area at the base of the nail.

Hair Structure

• Shaft: Visible part of the hair above the skin.

• Bulb: Base of the hair follicle where growth occurs.

• Root: Portion of hair below the skin surface.

• Follicle: Structure in the dermis from which hair grows.

Cell Structure

Cell Organelles

Cells contain specialized structures called organelles, each with distinct functions.

• Nucleus: Contains genetic material (DNA); controls cell activities.

• Mitochondria: Site of ATP (energy) production.

• Endoplasmic reticulum (ER): Rough ER synthesizes proteins; smooth ER synthesizes lipids.

• Golgi apparatus: Modifies, sorts, and packages proteins and lipids.

• Lysosomes: Contain digestive enzymes for waste breakdown.

• Ribosomes: Sites of protein synthesis.

• Plasma membrane: Regulates entry and exit of substances.

Histology: Tissues

Epithelial Tissue Types

• Simple squamous: Single layer of flat cells; found in alveoli, blood vessels.

• Simple cuboidal: Single layer of cube-shaped cells; found in kidney tubules.

• Simple columnar: Single layer of tall, column-like cells; lines digestive tract.

• Stratified squamous: Multiple layers; protects against abrasion; found in skin, mouth.

• Transitional: Stretches; found in urinary bladder.

• Pseudostratified ciliated columnar: Appears layered but is not; lines respiratory tract.

Connective Tissue Types

• Areolar: Loose connective tissue; supports and binds other tissues.

• Adipose: Stores fat; insulates and cushions.

• Dense regular: Parallel collagen fibers; found in tendons, ligaments.

• Dense irregular: Irregularly arranged fibers; found in dermis.

• Hyaline cartilage: Smooth, glassy; found in nose, trachea, ends of long bones.

• Osseous (bone): Rigid support; stores minerals.

• Blood: Fluid tissue; transports gases, nutrients, wastes.

Muscle Tissue Types

• Skeletal: Voluntary, striated; attached to bones.

• Cardiac: Involuntary, striated, intercalated discs; found in heart.

• Smooth: Involuntary, non-striated; found in walls of hollow organs.

Nervous Tissue

• Neuron: Main cell type; transmits electrical impulses.

Axial Skeleton

Skull Bones and Landmarks

• Frontal bone: Forehead region; includes supraorbital foramen (above eye), glabella (between eyebrows).

• Parietal bone: Sides and roof of skull; sagittal suture (midline), coronal suture (frontal-parietal), lambdoid suture (parietal-occipital).

• Temporal bone: Sides of skull; squamous suture, external auditory meatus (ear canal), styloid process, zygomatic process (cheekbone), mastoid process, mandibular fossa, jugular foramen.

• Occipital bone: Back of skull; lambdoid suture, foramen magnum (spinal cord passage), occipital condyle, external occipital protuberance (EOP).

• Sphenoid: Butterfly-shaped; greater/lesser wings, sella turcica (pituitary fossa), optic canal, foramen ovale.

• Ethmoid bone: Cribriform plates (olfactory foramina for smell).

• Mandible: Lower jaw; body, mandibular condyle, coronoid process, mental foramina, alveoli (tooth sockets), angle.

• Maxilla(e): Upper jaw; alveoli, intermaxillary suture, zygomatic process.

• Other bones: Zygomatic, palatine, lacrimal, nasal, vomer.

Vertebral Column

• Cervical vertebrae: 7; includes atlas (C1) and axis (C2).

• Thoracic vertebrae: 12.

• Lumbar vertebrae: 5.

• Key features: Vertebral body, spinous process, transverse process, vertebral foramen, intervertebral foramen (IVF).

• Hyoid bone: U-shaped bone in neck; does not articulate with other bones.

Thoracic Cage

• Ribs: 12 pairs total

• True ribs: 7 pairs (directly attached to sternum)

• False ribs: 5 pairs (2 are floating, not attached to sternum)

• Key parts: Head, neck, angle, costal cartilage

• Sternum: Body, manubrium, xiphoid process

• Sacrum and coccyx: Inferior end of vertebral column

Appendicular Skeleton

Upper Extremity

• Clavicle: Collarbone

• Scapula: Shoulder blade; acromion process, coracoid process, glenoid fossa, spine, supraspinous fossa, infraspinous fossa, subscapular fossa

• Humerus: Upper arm bone; head, greater/lesser tubercles, capitulum, trochlea, coronoid fossa, olecranon fossa

• Radius: Lateral forearm; head, neck, styloid process

• Ulna: Medial forearm; olecranon process, coronoid process, styloid process

• Carpals: 8 wrist bones

• Metacarpals: Palm bones

• Phalanges: Fingers; distal, middle, proximal

Lower Extremity

• Pelvis: Hip bones

• Ilium: ASIS (anterior superior iliac spine), PSIS (posterior superior iliac spine), iliac crest, greater sciatic notch

• Ischium: ischial spine, ischial tuberosity, lesser sciatic notch

• Pubis: pubic symphysis

• Obturator foramen, acetabulum

• Femur: Thigh bone; head, neck, greater/lesser trochanters, medial/lateral condyles, medial/lateral epicondyles

• Patella: Kneecap

• Tibia: Shin bone; tibial tuberosity, lateral/medial condyles, medial malleolus

• Fibula: lateral malleolus, head

• Tarsals: 7 ankle bones; talus (dome), calcaneus (heel)

• Metatarsals: Foot bones

• Phalanges: Toes; distal, middle, proximal

Summary Table: Major Tissue Types

Tissue Type	Key Features	Location
Epithelial	Cells closely packed, forms linings	Skin, lining of GI tract, glands
Connective	Few cells, abundant matrix	Tendons, bone, blood, fat
Muscle	Contractile cells	Skeletal muscles, heart, walls of organs
Nervous	Neurons and support cells	Brain, spinal cord, nerves

Additional info: For lab exams, be able to identify structures on images and models, and know the function and location of each anatomical feature listed above.