Anatomy & Physiology I Lab Exam 1 Study Guide

Body Cavities

Overview of Body Cavities

The human body contains several major cavities that house organs and provide protection. Understanding these cavities is essential for anatomical orientation.

• Dorsal Cavity: Includes the cranial cavity (brain) and vertebral cavity (spinal cord).

• Ventral Cavity: Subdivided into the thoracic cavity (heart, lungs) and abdominopelvic cavity (digestive organs, reproductive organs).

• Thoracic Cavity: Contains pleural cavities (lungs), pericardial cavity (heart), and mediastinum.

• Abdominopelvic Cavity: Divided into abdominal (stomach, liver, intestines) and pelvic (bladder, reproductive organs) cavities.

Example: The heart is located in the pericardial cavity within the thoracic cavity.

Regional Terms

Body Regions and Anatomical Terms

Regional terms are used to describe specific areas of the body, aiding in precise communication in anatomy.

• Sacral: Area between hips

• Gluteal: Buttocks

• Lumbar: Lower back

• Thoracic: Chest

• Cervical: Neck

• Oral: Mouth

• Mental: Chin

• Crural: Leg (anterior)

• Sural: Calf (posterior)

• Otic: Ear

• Axillary: Armpit

• Femoral: Thigh

• Buccal: Cheek

• Brachial: Arm

• Antecubital: Front of elbow

• Antebrachial: Forearm

• Abdominal: Abdomen

• Umbilical: Navel

• Inguinal: Groin

• Scapular: Shoulder blade

• Patellar: Kneecap

• Popliteal: Back of knee

• Frontal: Forehead

• Occipital: Back of head

• Sternal: Breastbone

• Digital: Fingers/toes

• Carpal: Wrist

• Tarsal: Ankle

• Orbital: Eye socket

• Palmar: Palm

• Plantar: Sole of foot

Example: The femoral region refers to the thigh area.

Nine Regions of the Abdomen

Abdominal Regional Classification

The abdomen is divided into nine regions for clinical and anatomical reference.

• Right Hypochondriac

• Epigastric

• Left Hypochondriac

• Right Lumbar

• Umbilical

• Left Lumbar

• Right Iliac (Inguinal)

• Hypogastric (Pubic)

• Left Iliac (Inguinal)

Example: The appendix is located in the right iliac region.

Integumentary System

Structure of Skin, Nails, and Hair

The integumentary system includes the skin, nails, and hair, serving as the body's protective covering.

• Skin:

  • Epidermis: Outermost layer, provides protection.

  • Dermis: Middle layer, contains blood vessels and nerves.

  • Sebaceous Gland: Produces oil (sebum).

  • Sudoriferous Gland: Produces sweat.

  • Arrector Pili Muscle: Causes hair to stand up (goosebumps).

• Nail:

  • Eponychium: Cuticle

  • Hyponychium: Under free edge

  • Free Edge: Distal part

  • Lunula: Crescent-shaped area

• Hair:

  • Shaft: Visible part

  • Bulb: Base of follicle

  • Root: Below skin surface

  • Follicle: Surrounds root

Example: Sebaceous glands are associated with hair follicles and secrete sebum.

Cell Structure

Identification of Cell Organelles

Cells are the basic units of life, containing organelles that perform specific functions.

• Nucleus: Contains genetic material (DNA).

• Mitochondria: Powerhouse of the cell, produces ATP.

• Ribosomes: Site of protein synthesis.

• Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER): Rough ER (protein synthesis), Smooth ER (lipid synthesis).

• Golgi Apparatus: Modifies and packages proteins.

• Lysosomes: Digestive enzymes, breakdown waste.

• Plasma Membrane: Controls entry and exit of substances.

Example: Mitochondria are abundant in muscle cells due to high energy demand.

Histology

Types of Tissues

Histology is the study of tissues. The body contains four main tissue types: epithelial, connective, muscular, and nervous.

• Epithelial Tissue:

  • Simple Squamous: Single layer, flat cells (lining blood vessels).

  • Simple Cuboidal: Single layer, cube-shaped (kidney tubules).

  • Simple Columnar: Single layer, tall cells (digestive tract).

  • Stratified Squamous: Multiple layers, flat cells (skin).

  • Transitional: Changes shape (urinary bladder).

  • Pseudostratified Ciliated Columnar: Appears layered, cilia present (respiratory tract).

• Connective Tissue:

  • Areolar: Loose, supports organs.

  • Adipose: Stores fat.

  • Dense Regular: Parallel fibers (tendons).

  • Dense Irregular: Random fibers (dermis).

  • Hyaline Cartilage: Smooth, supports joints.

  • Osseous (Bone): Hard, supports body.

  • Blood: Fluid, transports substances.

• Muscular Tissue:

  • Skeletal: Voluntary, striated.

  • Cardiac: Involuntary, striated, heart.

  • Smooth: Involuntary, non-striated, organs.

• Nervous Tissue:

  • Neuron: Conducts impulses.

Example: Stratified squamous epithelium forms the outer layer of skin.

Skull Anatomy

Major Bones and Landmarks of the Skull

The skull is composed of several bones and features important for protection and function.

• Frontal Bone: Forehead; Supraorbital foramen, Glabella

• Parietal Bone: Top/sides; Sagittal suture, Coronal suture, Lambdoid suture

• Temporal Bone: Sides; Squamous suture, External Auditory Meatus, Styloid Process, Zygomatic process, Mastoid process, Mandibular fossa, Jugular Foramen

• Occipital Bone: Back; Lambdoid suture, Foramen magnum, Occipital condyle, External occipital protuberance (EOP)

• Sphenoid: Greater/lesser wings, Sella turcica, Optic canal, Foramen ovale

• Ethmoid bone: Cribriform plates, Olfactory foramina

• Mandible: Body, Mandibular condyle, Coronoid process, Mental foramina, Alveoli, Angle

• Maxilla(e): Alveoli, Intermaxillary suture, Zygomatic process

• Other bones: Zygomatic, Palatine, Lacrimal, Nasal, Vomer

Example: The foramen magnum allows passage of the spinal cord.

Axial Skeleton

Vertebral Column, Ribs, Sternum, Sacrum, Coccyx

The axial skeleton supports and protects the central axis of the body.

• Vertebral Column:

  • Cervical vertebrae: 7 (Atlas, Axis)

  • Thoracic vertebrae: 12

  • Lumbar vertebrae: 5

  • Vertebral body, spinous process, transverse process, vertebral foramen, intervertebral foramen (IVF)

• Hyoid: U-shaped bone in neck

• Ribs:

  • True ribs: 7 pairs

  • False ribs: 5 pairs (2 floating)

  • Head, neck, angle, costal cartilage

• Sternum: Body, Manubrium, Xiphoid process

• Sacrum

• Coccyx

Example: The atlas (C1) supports the skull and allows nodding motion.

Upper Extremity Anatomy

Bones and Landmarks of the Arm and Hand

The upper extremity includes the shoulder, arm, forearm, and hand, each with distinct bones and features.

• Clavicle: Collarbone

• Scapula: Shoulder blade; Acromion process, Coracoid process, Glenoid fossa, Spine, Supraspinous fossa, Infraspinous fossa, Subscapular fossa

• Humerus: Head, Greater/lesser tubercles, Capitulum, Trochlea, Coronoid fossa, Olecranon fossa

• Radius: Head, Neck, Styloid process

• Ulna: Olecranon process, Coronoid process, Styloid process

• Carpals: 8 wrist bones

• Metacarpals: Palm bones

• Phalanges: Distal, middle, proximal (fingers)

Example: The olecranon process of the ulna forms the point of the elbow.

Lower Extremity Anatomy

Bones and Landmarks of the Leg and Foot

The lower extremity includes the pelvis, thigh, leg, and foot, each with unique bones and anatomical features.

• Pelvis:

  • Ilium: ASIS, PSIS, iliac crest, greater sciatic notch

  • Ischium: Ischial spine, ischial tuberosity, lesser sciatic notch

  • Pubis: Pubic symphysis

  • Obturator foramen, acetabulum

• Femur: Head, Neck, Greater/lesser trochanters, Medial/lateral condyles, Medial/lateral epicondyles

• Patella: Kneecap

• Tibia: Tibial tuberosity, Lateral/medial condyles, Medial malleolus

• Fibula: Lateral malleolus, Head

• Tarsals: 7 ankle bones; Talus (dome), Calcaneus (heel)

• Metatarsals: Foot bones

• Phalanges: Distal, middle, proximal (toes)

Example: The medial malleolus of the tibia forms the inner ankle.