Question 1

Which of the following best describes the relationship between anatomy and physiology?

Accepted Answer

Anatomy is the study of body structure, and physiology is the study of how those structures function together.

Question 2

A scientist observes that a certain hormone increases heart rate. She proposes that this hormone binds to receptors on cardiac muscle cells to cause this effect. In scientific terms, her proposal is best described as a:

Accepted Answer

Hypothesis

Question 3

Which of the following lists the levels of human structure from most complex to simplest?

Accepted Answer

Organism, organ system, organ, tissue, cell, molecule, atom

Question 4

Which of the following is an example of negative feedback in the human body?

Accepted Answer

Regulation of blood glucose by insulin

Question 5

A patient is unable to maintain homeostasis of body temperature. Which of the following is a likely consequence?

Accepted Answer

The patient’s enzymes may denature, leading to impaired cellular function.

Question 6

Which directional term describes a structure that is closer to the head than another structure?

Accepted Answer

Cephalic

Question 7

Water is essential to life due to several properties. Which property allows water to moderate temperature changes in organisms?

Accepted Answer

High heat of vaporization

Question 8

A neutral atom of sodium ($$Z = 11) $$has a mass number of 23. How many neutrons does it have?

Accepted Answer

$$23 - 11 = 12$$ neutrons

Question 9

Which of the following best distinguishes a polar covalent bond from a non-polar covalent bond?

Accepted Answer

Polar covalent bonds share electrons unequally, resulting in partial charges; non-polar covalent bonds share electrons equally.

Question 10

Which functional group is found in all amino acids and is essential for peptide bond formation?

Accepted Answer

Carboxyl group ($$-COOH)$$

Question 11

Which process is responsible for breaking down a polysaccharide into its monosaccharide subunits?

Accepted Answer

Hydrolysis

Question 12

Which of the following best describes the difference in the ratio of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen between carbohydrates and lipids?

Accepted Answer

Carbohydrates have a 1:2:1 ratio of C:H:O, while lipids have much less oxygen relative to carbon and hydrogen.

Question 13

Which level of protein structure is primarily stabilized by hydrogen bonds between backbone atoms, forming alpha helices and beta sheets?

Accepted Answer

Secondary structure

Question 14

A protein enzyme is exposed to high heat and loses its three-dimensional shape. This process is called:

Accepted Answer

Denaturation

Question 15

Which statement about the cell membrane is correct?

Accepted Answer

It is composed mainly of a phospholipid bilayer with embedded proteins.

Question 16

Which organelle is responsible for ATP production through aerobic respiration?

Accepted Answer

Mitochondrion

Question 17

During which phase of the cell cycle does DNA replication occur?

Accepted Answer

S phase

Question 18

Which of the following best describes the difference between mitosis and meiosis?

Accepted Answer

Mitosis produces genetically identical somatic cells; meiosis produces genetically variable sex cells with half the chromosome number.

Question 19

A cancerous tumor that has spread to other tissues is described as:

Accepted Answer

Malignant and metastasized

Question 20

Which of the following best describes the process of facilitated diffusion?

Accepted Answer

Movement of molecules from high to low concentration through a protein channel, without energy input

Anatomy & Physiology I Test 1 Study Guide – Step-by-Step Guidance

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