Question 1

A patient presents with symptoms of fatigue, weight gain, and cold intolerance. Blood tests reveal low levels of thyroid hormones. Which endocrine gland is most likely underactive in this scenario?

Accepted Answer

Thyroid gland

Question 2

Which of the following best describes the primary function of the lymphatic system?

Accepted Answer

Returning interstitial fluid to the bloodstream and providing immune defense

Question 3

A person is experiencing difficulty breathing and low blood oxygen levels. Which organ system is primarily responsible for correcting this imbalance?

Accepted Answer

Respiratory system

Question 4

Which of the following equations correctly represents the relationship between cardiac output, heart rate, and stroke volume?

Accepted Answer

$$CO = HR 	imes SV$$

Question 5

A patient with diabetes insipidus is unable to concentrate urine. Which hormone is most likely deficient?

Accepted Answer

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

Question 6

Which of the following best explains why a person with severe diarrhea is at risk for metabolic acidosis?

Accepted Answer

Loss of bicarbonate ions from the digestive tract

Question 7

A patient has a blood pressure of 120/80 mmHg. What is the mean arterial pressure (MAP)? Use the formula $$MAP = \frac{1}{3}(SBP - DBP) + DBP.$$

Accepted Answer

$$MAP = 93$$ mmHg

Question 8

Which of the following is a correct sequence of events in the inflammatory response?

Accepted Answer

Vasodilation, increased capillary permeability, phagocyte migration

Question 9

A person is hyperventilating due to anxiety. What effect does this have on blood pH, and why?

Accepted Answer

Blood pH increases due to decreased CO$$_2$$

Question 10

Which of the following best describes the role of the nephron in the urinary system?

Accepted Answer

It filters blood, reabsorbs needed substances, and secretes wastes

Question 11

A patient with a blocked common bile duct will have difficulty digesting which type of nutrient?

Accepted Answer

Lipids

Question 12

Which of the following hormones is primarily responsible for stimulating the release of glucose from the liver during fasting?

Accepted Answer

Glucagon

Question 13

A person with a genetic mutation that prevents the production of surfactant in the lungs would most likely experience which of the following?

Accepted Answer

Collapsed alveoli and difficulty inflating the lungs

Question 14

Which of the following best explains why the stomach has a low pH?

Accepted Answer

To activate pepsinogen to pepsin and kill ingested microbes

Question 15

A patient is found to have a high blood potassium level (hyperkalemia). Which hormone is most likely deficient?

Accepted Answer

Aldosterone

Question 16

Which of the following is the correct pathway for the flow of blood through the heart and lungs?

Accepted Answer

Right atrium → right ventricle → pulmonary artery → lungs → pulmonary vein → left atrium

Question 17

A person is unable to absorb vitamin B12 due to a lack of intrinsic factor. Which organ is most likely malfunctioning?

Accepted Answer

Stomach

Question 18

Which of the following best describes the function of helper T cells in the immune response?

Accepted Answer

They activate other immune cells by releasing cytokines

Question 19

A patient with chronic kidney disease is unable to excrete hydrogen ions efficiently. What acid-base imbalance are they most at risk for developing?

Accepted Answer

Metabolic acidosis

Question 20

Which of the following best explains why a person with liver failure may develop edema?

Accepted Answer

Decreased production of plasma proteins leads to reduced oncotic pressure

Anatomy & Physiology II: Course Structure, Topics, and Study Guide

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