Anatomy and Physiology II: Course Syllabus, Learning Objectives, and Lecture Outline

Course Overview

This course, Biology 110: Anatomy and Physiology II, is the second part of a two-semester sequence designed to provide a comprehensive understanding of human physiology and anatomy. The course systematically covers the structure and function of the cardiovascular, lymphatic, respiratory, digestive, urinary, and reproductive systems, integrating cellular, tissue, organ, and system-level perspectives. Laboratory experiences emphasize anatomical identification and physiological testing, including dissection and clinical measurements.

Course Structure and Required Materials

• Textbook: Amerman, E. C. Human Anatomy & Physiology, 2nd ed., 2019.

• Laboratory Manual: Whiting, C. C. Laboratory Manual: Human Anatomy & Physiology (Fetal Pig Version), 2nd ed., 2019.

• Laboratory Equipment: Safety eyewear and gloves are required for all dissection and laboratory sessions.

Major Topics and Chapter Alignment

• Chapter 17: The Cardiovascular System I: The Heart

• Chapter 18: The Cardiovascular System II: Blood Vessels

• Chapter 19: Blood

• Chapter 20: The Lymphatic System and Immunity

• Chapter 21: The Respiratory System

• Chapter 22: The Digestive System

• Chapter 23: Nutrition and Metabolism

• Chapter 24: The Urinary System

• Chapter 25: Fluids, Electrolytes, and Acid-Base Homeostasis

• Chapter 26: The Reproductive System

• Chapter 27: Development and Heredity

Course Outcomes and Key Objectives

1. Anatomical Organization and Structural Components

• Identify and describe the major organs and tissues of the cardiovascular, lymphatic, respiratory, digestive, urinary, and reproductive systems.

• Recognize histological features and structural differences among system components (e.g., arteries vs. veins, types of capillaries, nephron structure).

2. Functional Integration at Multiple Levels

• Explain the physiological roles of blood, heart, blood vessels, lymphatic organs, respiratory tract, digestive tract, kidneys, and reproductive organs.

• Describe mechanisms such as erythropoiesis, hemostasis, cardiac cycle, gas exchange, digestion, filtration, and hormonal regulation.

3. Immune Response Mechanisms

• Distinguish between innate (nonspecific) and adaptive (specific) immunity.

• Describe the roles of leukocytes, antibodies, and lymphoid organs in defense against pathogens.

4. Fluid, Electrolyte, and Acid-Base Homeostasis

• Explain the regulation of body fluids, electrolytes, and pH through endocrine, respiratory, digestive, and urinary system interactions.

• Describe buffer systems and compensatory mechanisms for acid-base disturbances.

5. Metabolism and Nutrition

• Describe catabolic and anabolic pathways for carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins.

• Explain hormonal regulation during absorptive and post-absorptive states.

6. Systemic Regulation and Integration

• Discuss how the nervous, endocrine, and paracrine systems coordinate the activities of major organ systems.

7. Laboratory Skills

• Identify anatomical features in dissection specimens and histological slides.

• Perform physiological assessments such as blood typing, ECG, spirometry, and urinalysis.

Lecture Outline: Main Topics and Subtopics

I. Blood

• Composition: Plasma, formed elements (erythrocytes, leukocytes, platelets)

• Functions: Transport, regulation, protection

• Plasma proteins: Albumin, immune proteins, transport proteins, clotting proteins

• Erythrocyte structure and function, hemoglobin, erythropoiesis, anemia

• Leukocyte types (granulocytes, agranulocytes), leukopoiesis

• Platelets and hemostasis (vascular spasm, platelet plug, coagulation, clot retraction, fibrinolysis)

• Blood typing (ABO, Rh), transfusions

II. The Cardiovascular System I: The Heart

• Heart anatomy: Pericardium, heart wall, chambers, valves, great vessels

• Coronary circulation

• Cardiac muscle histology and conduction system (SA node, AV node, bundle branches, Purkinje fibers)

• Cardiac cycle: Systole, diastole, heart sounds

• Cardiac output: Stroke volume, heart rate, regulation by nervous and endocrine systems

III. The Cardiovascular System II: The Blood Vessels

• Structure and function of arteries, veins, capillaries

• Hemodynamics: Blood pressure, resistance, flow

• Blood pressure regulation: Short-term (nervous, endocrine), long-term (renal)

• Capillary exchange, tissue perfusion, edema

• Special circulations: Hepatic portal, fetal circulation

IV. The Lymphatic System and Immunity

• Lymphatic vessels, lymphoid tissues and organs (nodes, spleen, thymus, MALT)

• Innate and adaptive immunity: Cells, barriers, responses

• Antibody structure and function, immunological memory

• Immune disorders: Hypersensitivity, immunodeficiency, autoimmunity

V. The Respiratory System

• Anatomy: Nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, lungs, alveoli

• Pulmonary ventilation: Boyle’s law, pressure gradients, mechanics of breathing

• Gas exchange: Dalton’s and Henry’s laws, oxygen and carbon dioxide transport

• Neural control of ventilation

VI. The Digestive System

• Digestive processes: Ingestion, secretion, propulsion, digestion, absorption, defecation

• Alimentary canal histology: Mucosa, submucosa, muscularis externa, serosa

• Accessory organs: Salivary glands, pancreas, liver, gall bladder

• Digestion and absorption of macronutrients and micronutrients

VII. Metabolism and Nutrition

• Catabolism and anabolism, ATP production

• Glycolysis, citric acid cycle, electron transport chain

• Fatty acid and amino acid metabolism

• Metabolic states: Absorptive, post-absorptive, hormonal regulation

VIII. The Urinary System

• Anatomy: Kidneys, nephron structure, urinary tract

• Renal physiology: Filtration, reabsorption, secretion

• Regulation of GFR, urine concentration, and volume

• Urinalysis and renal clearance

IX. Fluid, Electrolyte, and Acid-Base Homeostasis

• Body fluid compartments, electrolyte balance

• Buffer systems: Carbonic acid-bicarbonate, phosphate, protein

• Physiological regulation: Respiratory and renal compensation

• Acid-base imbalances: Acidosis, alkalosis

X. The Reproductive System

• Male and female reproductive anatomy

• Gametogenesis: Spermatogenesis, oogenesis

• Hormonal regulation of reproduction

• Reproductive cycles, fertilization, pregnancy, lactation

XI. Development and Heredity

• Fertilization, cleavage, implantation

• Embryonic and fetal development

• Genetic inheritance and organogenesis

Laboratory Schedule (Selected Topics)

Session	Topic(s)	Textbook Chapter
2	Blood	Ch. 19
3	Anatomy of the Heart & Blood Vessels	Ch. 17, 18
4	Cardiovascular Physiology	Ch. 17
5	Anatomy of the Respiratory System	Ch. 21
6	Physiology of the Respiratory System	Ch. 21
8	Anatomy of the Digestive System	Ch. 22
9	Digestive Physiology	Ch. 22
10	Anatomy of the Urinary System	Ch. 24
11	Physiology of the Urinary System	Ch. 24
12	Anatomy of the Reproductive System	Ch. 26

Key Definitions and Concepts

• Hemostasis: The process by which bleeding is stopped, involving vascular spasm, platelet plug formation, and coagulation.

• Cardiac Output (CO): The volume of blood pumped by the heart per minute. $CO = HR \times SV$

• Glomerular Filtration Rate (GFR): The rate at which the kidneys filter blood, regulated by hydrostatic and osmotic pressures.

• Buffer System: Chemical systems that maintain pH stability in body fluids, such as the carbonic acid-bicarbonate system: $CO_2 + H_2O \leftrightarrow H_2CO_3 \leftrightarrow H^+ + HCO_3^-$

• Metabolic States: Absorptive (nutrient storage) and post-absorptive (nutrient mobilization) states, regulated by hormones like insulin and glucagon.

• Immunity: The body's defense mechanisms, including innate (nonspecific) and adaptive (specific) responses.

Additional Info

• This syllabus provides a comprehensive framework for Anatomy and Physiology II, aligning with standard college-level ANP curricula and the Human Anatomy and Physiology Society recommendations.

• Students are expected to integrate lecture and laboratory experiences for a holistic understanding of human body systems.