$$ P \times V = k $$; as lung volume increases, pressure decreases, facilitating air inflow.

$$ C = k \times P $$; the concentration of a gas dissolved in liquid is proportional to its partial pressure.

Question 1

Which of the following best describes the primary function of the thymus in the immune system?

Accepted Answer

It is the site where T lymphocytes mature and become immunocompetent.

Question 2

A patient presents with a low-grade fever. Which of the following is a physiological benefit of not medicating this fever?

Accepted Answer

Fever enhances the activity of interferons and immune cells.

Question 3

Which equation represents Boyle’s Law, and what does it imply about pulmonary ventilation?

Accepted Answer

$$ P 	imes V = k $$; as lung volume increases, pressure decreases, facilitating air inflow.

Question 4

Which of the following best distinguishes Natural Killer (NK) cells from Cytotoxic T cells?

Accepted Answer

NK cells kill cells lacking MHC I, while Cytotoxic T cells kill cells presenting specific antigens on MHC I.

Question 5

Which structure is responsible for producing surfactant in the alveoli, and what is its main function?

Accepted Answer

Type 2 alveolar cells; they reduce surface tension to prevent alveolar collapse.

Question 6

A patient with emphysema is likely to experience which of the following cellular changes?

Accepted Answer

Destruction of alveolar walls leading to decreased surface area for gas exchange.

Question 7

Which of the following best describes the role of central chemoreceptors in regulating breathing?

Accepted Answer

They respond to changes in cerebrospinal fluid pH due to CO2 levels.

Question 8

Which of the following is a correct example of the first line of defense in the immune system?

Accepted Answer

Skin and mucous membranes acting as physical barriers.

Question 9

A patient with chronic bronchitis is most likely to exhibit which unique symptom compared to emphysema?

Accepted Answer

Persistent productive cough due to excess mucus.

Question 10

Which equation represents Henry’s Law, and how does it relate to gas exchange in the lungs?

Accepted Answer

$$ C = k 	imes P $$; the concentration of a gas dissolved in liquid is proportional to its partial pressure.

Question 11

During ventilation-perfusion coupling, what happens in alveoli with low oxygen ($$O_2) $$levels?

Accepted Answer

Pulmonary arterioles constrict to redirect blood flow to better-ventilated alveoli.

Question 12

Which of the following is a key difference between the adaptive and innate immune systems?

Accepted Answer

The adaptive immune system has memory and specificity, while the innate system does not.

Question 13

Which of the following best describes the function of interferons?

Accepted Answer

They signal neighboring cells to produce antiviral proteins.

Question 14

A patient with asthma is experiencing bronchoconstriction. Which of the following best explains the effect on tidal volume ($$TV$$)?

Accepted Answer

$$ TV $$ decreases because less air can enter the lungs per breath.

Question 15

Which of the following is true regarding lymph flow through a lymph node?

Accepted Answer

Lymph enters through afferent vessels and exits through efferent vessels.

Question 16

Which of the following is a function of the spleen in the lymphatic system?

Accepted Answer

It filters blood, removes old red blood cells, and stores platelets.

Question 17

A patient is exposed to high levels of oxygen ($$O_2) $$for an extended period. Which of the following best explains how this can be fatal?

Accepted Answer

High $$O_2$$ levels suppress peripheral chemoreceptors, reducing respiratory drive and leading to hypoventilation.

Question 18

Which of the following is NOT a function of the tonsils?

Accepted Answer

Producing surfactant for alveoli.

Question 19

Which of the following best describes the role of mucous in the respiratory system?

Accepted Answer

It traps dust, pathogens, and other particles to prevent them from reaching the alveoli.

Question 20

Which of the following is a correct example of the third line of defense in the immune system?

Accepted Answer

Activation of cytotoxic T cells targeting specific antigens.

Anatomy & Physiology II Exam Study Guide – Step-by-Step Guidance

Study Guide - Practice Questions