$$\text{NFP} = \text{HP}_\text{gc} - (\text{HP}_\text{cs} + \text{OP}_\text{gc})$$

Question 1

Which of the following best describes the function of surfactant in the alveoli?

Accepted Answer

It decreases alveolar surface tension, allowing easier lung expansion.

Question 2

A patient with a pneumothorax has equalized intrapleural and atmospheric pressures. What is the most likely consequence?

Accepted Answer

The lungs will collapse due to loss of negative pressure.

Question 3

According to Boyle’s Law, what happens to the pressure in the thoracic cavity when the volume increases during inspiration?

Accepted Answer

Pressure decreases inversely.

Question 4

Which equation correctly represents the calculation of net filtration pressure (NFP) in the glomerulus?

Accepted Answer

$$	ext{NFP} = 	ext{HP}_	ext{gc} - (	ext{HP}_	ext{cs} + 	ext{OP}_	ext{gc})$$

Question 5

Which of the following is TRUE regarding the Bohr effect?

Accepted Answer

Increased CO$$_2$$ and decreased pH cause hemoglobin to release oxygen more readily.

Question 6

A patient is experiencing hypercapnia. Which of the following best describes their blood gas and respiratory status?

Accepted Answer

High blood CO$$_2$$ and increased respiratory rate.

Question 7

Which of the following best explains why airway resistance is usually insignificant in the respiratory tree?

Accepted Answer

The total cross-sectional area increases dramatically in the distal airways.

Question 8

Which hormone increases water reabsorption in the collecting ducts of the kidney, and what is the mechanism?

Accepted Answer

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH); increases aquaporin insertion in the collecting duct membrane.

Question 9

Which of the following is a major function of the kidneys?

Accepted Answer

Regulation of blood volume and composition.

Question 10

Which of the following best describes the effect of aldosterone on potassium balance?

Accepted Answer

Aldosterone increases potassium secretion in the distal tubule.

Question 11

A patient with metabolic acidosis will likely have which of the following compensatory responses?

Accepted Answer

Increased respiratory rate to expel CO$$_2.$$

Question 12

Which of the following equations correctly represents Dalton’s Law for calculating the partial pressure of a gas?

Accepted Answer

$$P_{	ext{gas}} = P_{	ext{total}} 	imes 	ext{fraction of gas}$$

Question 13

Which of the following is TRUE regarding the movement of water between fluid compartments?

Accepted Answer

Water moves freely along osmotic gradients.

Question 14

Which of the following best describes the chloride shift in systemic capillaries?

Accepted Answer

Chloride ions move into red blood cells as bicarbonate exits.

Question 15

Which of the following is a consequence of increased osmolality in the extracellular fluid?

Accepted Answer

Water moves out of the cells, causing them to shrink.

Question 16

Which of the following is TRUE regarding the effect of partial pressure of oxygen on arterioles in the lungs?

Accepted Answer

High alveolar oxygen causes arterioles to dilate.

Question 17

Which of the following best describes the role of the countercurrent multiplier in the nephron?

Accepted Answer

It creates the medullary osmotic gradient.

Question 18

Which of the following is the main driving force for water intake in the body?

Accepted Answer

Thirst, triggered by increased plasma osmolality.

Question 19

Which of the following is TRUE regarding the effect of ANP (Atrial Natriuretic Peptide) on sodium balance?

Accepted Answer

ANP decreases sodium reabsorption, increasing sodium excretion.

Anatomy & Physiology II: Study Guide for the Respiratory System, Urinary System, and Fluid, Electrolyte, and Acid-Base Balance

Study Guide - Practice Questions